Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety (62 page)

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Authors: Marion Nestle

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10
. Pollack A. F.D.A. plans new scrutiny in areas of biotechnology.
NYT
, January 18, 2001:A12. FDA. Premarket notice concerning bioengineered foods: proposed rule.
FR
66:4706–4738, January 18, 2001.

11
. Kilman S. FDA warns of misleading label on genetically modified foods.
WSJ
, December 20, 2001:B9. Weise E. FDA tries to remove genetic label before it sticks.
USA Today
, October 9, 2002:7D.

12
. Nestle M. Food biotechnology: truth in advertising.
Bio/Technology
1992;10:1056.

13
. OTA.
New Developments in Biotechnology: Patenting Life
(OTA-BA-370). U.S. Congress, 1989.

14
. Stone R. Sweeping patents put biotech companies on the warpath.
Science
1995;268:656–658. Rural Advancement Foundation International. Monsanto’s “Submarine Patent” Torpedoes Ag Biotech (press release), April 27, 2001, at
www.etcgroup.org/en/materials/publications.html?pub_id=262
.

15
. Moon SE. Seed piracy: biotech industry faces a growing concern.
Illinois Agrinews
, April 17, 1998:A9.

16
. Kilman S. Biotech industry shivers at threat to seed patents.
WSJ
, March 3, 1999:B1.
Pioneer Hi-Bred International
v.
J.E.M. Ag Supply (Farm Advantage
).
99-1035 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), January 19, 2000. The U.S. Supreme Court confirmed the ruling, December 10, 2001 (534 U.S. 124).

17
. Fulmer M. Patent ruling aids seed biotech firms; Courts: analysts say the Supreme Court is taking a tough stance to strengthen intellectual property rights.
Los Angeles Times
, December 11, 2001:C3.

18
. Shiva V.
Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge
. Boston: South End Press, 1997.

19
. Basmati patent shrinks.
Science
2001;293:1761. Kurtenbach E. Patent application raises worries. Yahoo News, December 12, 2001. Online: dailynews.yahoo.com (no longer available).

20
. Svatos M. Patents and licensing, ethics, ownership of animal and plant genes. In: Murray TH, Mehlman MJ, eds.
Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology
. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000:844–854. Also: Ho CM. International intellectual property issues for biotechnology (2000:761–787).

21
. Andrews EL. U.S. resumes granting patents on genetically altered animals.
NYT
, February 3, 1993:A1,D5. Also see: Rifkin J.
The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World
. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 1998.

22
. Thompson PB.
Food Biotechnology in Ethical Perspective
. London: Blackie Academic, 1997. Bruce D, Bruce A.
Engineering Genesis: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering in Non-Human Species
. London: Earthscan, 1998. Shiva V.
Protect or Plunder: Understanding Intellectual Property Rights
. London: Zed Books, 2001.

23
. Service RF. Seed-sterilizing “terminator technology” sows discord.
Science
1998;282:850–851. Steinbrecher RA, Mooney PR. Terminator technology: the threat to world food security.
Ecologist
1998;28(5):276–279. National Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture is at it again!! Agency continues to fund terminator technology (leaflet). Pine Bush, NY, August 23, 1999.

24
. Food gains for the world’s poor are being threatened by furor over genetically modified (GM) foods (press release). New York: Rockefeller Foundation, June 24, 1999, at
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5243/is_199906/ai_n20192882
.

25
. Vidal J. How Monsanto’s mind was changed.
Guardian
(London), October 9, 1999, at
www.biotech-info.net/mind_change.html
.

26
. Feder BJ. Monsanto says it won’t market infertile seeds.
NYT
, October 5, 1999:A1,C2.

27
. Feder BJ. Plant sterility research inflames debate on biotechnology’s role in farming,
NYT
, April 19, 1999:A18.

28
. Barboza D. After deal of 2 giants, shares plunge.
NYT
, December 21, 1999:C1,C9. Kaiser J. USDA to commercialize “terminator” technology.
Science
2000;289:709–710.

29
. USDA/Agricultural Marketing Service. National organic program: proposed rule.
FR
62:65849–65967, December 16, 1997. The rules for organic foods went into effect October 21, 2002.

30
. Burros M. U.S. proposal on organic food gets a grass-roots review.
NYT
,
March 15, 1998:F10. Fox JL. USDA appeases organic lobby.
Nature Biotechnology
1999;17:217. Revised organic proposed rule drops GMOs, antibiotics, sewage, irradiation.
Food Regulation Weekly
, March 13, 2000:8–9.

31
. Pear R. Tougher labeling for organic food: products of gene engineering cannot carry designation.
NYT
, May 9, 1998:A1,A6.

32
. Pollack A. Unapproved canola seed may be on farms, makers say.
NYT, April 16, 2002:
C
4
. Rieger MA, Lamond M, Preston C, et al. Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance between commercial canola fields.
Science
2002:296:2386–2388. Carroll J. Gene-altered canola can spread to nearby fields, risking lawsuits.
WSJ
, June 28, 2002:B6.

33
. Villar JL.
GMO Contamination around the World
. Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth International, October 2001, 2nd ed, August 2002. Quote: p. 9, at
http://stopogm.net/files/GMOContaminationaroundtheworld.pdf
. Also see: Barboza D. As biotech crops multiply, consumers get little choice.
NYT
, June 10, 2001:A1,A28.

34
. Nigh R, Benbrook C, Brush S, et al. Transgenic crops: a cautionary tale (letters).
Science
2000;287:1927–1928. Ross J. Tinkering with the tortilla: genetic engineering threatens Mexico’s corn culture.
Sierra
, September/October 2001:20–21.

35
. Quist D, Chapela IH. Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico.
Nature
2001;414:541–543. Manning A. Gene-altered DNA may be “polluting” corn: cross-pollination is found in native varieties in Mexico.
USA Today
, November 29, 2001:15D.

36
. Suspect evidence of transgenic contamination (letters), and editorial note.
Nature
2002;416:600–601.

37
. Yoon CK. Journal raises doubts on biotech study.
NYT
, April 5, 2002:A21. Chapela’s tenure was approved by his department, then denied, appealed, and eventually granted. See
Nature
doi:10.1038/435390b, May 25, 2005. Monbiot G. The fake persuaders.
Guardian
(London), May 14, 2002, at
www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2002/may/14/greenpolitics.digitalmedia
. Worthy K, Strohman RC, Billings PR. Conflicts around a study of Mexican crops (letter).
Nature
2002;417:897.

38
. Mann CC. Has GM corn “invaded” Mexico?
Science
2002;295:1617–1619.

39
. Christensen E. Food fight: how GATT undermines food-safety regulations.
Multinational Monitor
, November 1990:12–14. Ritchie M. Trading away the family farm: GATT and agriculture (November 1990:26–28). Aaronson SA.
Taking Trade to the Streets: The Lost History of Public Efforts to Shape Globalization
. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2001:142–173. Also see: The World Trade Organization. Online:
www.wto.org
.

40
. Brunner J. What’s on WTO’s plate regarding agriculture.
Seattle Times
, November 30, 1999:A23. The quotation is attributed to U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. McKibben B. Don’t be fooled.
Seattle Weekly
, November 25, 1999:9.

41
. The global food fight.
Time
, July 31, 2000:44–45.

42
. Pollack A. Setting rules for biotechnology trade.
NYT
, February 15, 1999:A8. U.S. sidetracks pact to control gene splicing (February 25, 1999:C1,C
4
). Genetically modified food: food for thought.
Economist
, June 19, 1999:19–21.

43
. Pollack A. 130 nations agree on safety rules for biotech food.
NYT
, January
30, 2000:A1,A8. Micklethwait J. Europe’s profound fear of food.
NYT
, June 7, 1999:A22.

44
. International Organisation of Consumers Unions (I.O.C.U.).
Comments: Implications of Biotechnology for Food Labelling
. Testimony to the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Food Labelling, Ottawa, Canada, October 24–28, 1994. Food fights.
Economist
, June 13–19, 1998:113–114.

45
. USDA/FSIS. Codex Committee on Food Labeling: U.S.A., at
www.fsis.usda.gov/Codex_alimentarius/Codex_Committee_Food_
Labelling/index.asp
.

46
. Dorey E. EuropaBio unit created to boost agbio defense.
Nature Biotechnology
1999;17:631. Hencke D, Evans R. How US put pressure on Blair over GM food: special report.
Guardian
(London), February 28, 2000, at
www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/feb/28/food.freedomofinformation
.

47
. Citizens’ groups: the non-governmental order.
Economist
, December 11, 1999:20–21. Lagnado L. Raising the anti: for those fighting biotech crops, Santa came early this year.
WSJ
, December 14, 1999:A1,A8. Hodgson J. GM roundup.
Nature Biotechnology
1999;17:939.

48
. Environment-consumer coalition launches campaign for labeling, testing of biotech foods.
FCN
, July 24, 2000:10–11. Branch S. Kraft is criticized for genetically modified foods.
WSJ
, February 6, 2002:B18.

49
. See, for example, information posted by Ag BioTech InfoNet, online at:
www.biotech-info.net
; and by the Turning Point Project, at
http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.turnpoint.org
.

50
. Books not otherwise mentioned in these chapters are: Charles D.
Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food
. Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2001. Hart K.
Eating in the Dark: America’s Experiment with Genetically Engineered Food
. New York: Pantheon, 2002. Lambrecht B.
Dinner at the New Gene Café: How Genetic Engineering is Changing What We Eat, How We Live, and the Global Politics of Food
. New York: St. Martin’s, 2001. Lappé M, Bailey B.
Against the Grain: Biotechnology and the Corporate Takeover of Your Food
. Monroe, ME: Common Courage, 1998. Teitel M, Wilson KA.
Genetically Engineered Food: Changing the Nature of Nature
. Rochester, VT: Park Street, 1999. Ticciati L, Ticciati R.
Genetically Engineered Foods: Are They Safe? You Decide
. New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1998.

51
. Lewontin R. Genes in the food!
New York Review of Books
, June 21:2001:81–84.

52
. McHughen A.
Pandora’s Picnic Basket: The Potential Hazards of Genetically Modified Foods
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

53
. Nestle M.
Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002:120–122.

54
. Brand W. FDA holds Oakland hearing to discuss genetic labeling. Media-NewsGroup, December 14, 1999. Pollack A. At U.S. hearing scientists back altered crops.
NYT
, December 14, 1999:A25.

55
. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. State legislative activity in 2001 related to agricultural biotechnology. Pew agricultural biotechnology is at
www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_detail.aspx?id=442
. Grimm C. Current (February–
March 2001) state GMO legislation in the United States. Ag BioTech InfoNet, March 2001, cached at
www.biotech-info.net/current_state_legislation.html
.

56
. Greenberger RS. Motley group pushes for FDA labels on biofoods to help religious people observe dietary laws.
WSJ
, August 18, 1999:A20. Barboza D. Monsanto faces growing skepticism on two fronts.
NYT
, August 5, 1999:C1,C2. Nixon L. Consumers petition for GM food labels.
Agweek
, July 19, 1999:25. Economics could be key in biotech suit against Monsanto.
Food Regulation Weekly
, December 20, 1999:11.

57
. Hoge W. Britons skirmish over genetically modified crops.
NYT
, August 23, 1999:A3. Service RF. Arson strikes research labs and tree farm in Pacific Northwest.
Science
2001;292:1622–1623. Verhovek SH. S.U.V.’s, golf, and even peas join growing hit list of eco-vandals.
NYT
, July 1, 2001:A1,A15.

58
. Peterson M. New trade threat for U.S. farmers.
NYT
, August 29, 1999:A1,A28.

59
. Ramey TS, Wimmer MJ, Rocker RM. GMOs are dead. In: Mitsch FJ, Mitchell JS.
Ag Biotech: Thanks, but No Thanks?
Deutsche Bank, July 12, 1999, at
www.rag.org.au/baa/gmbank.htm
. Also see: GAO.
International Trade: Concerns over Biotechnology Challenge U.S. Agricultural Exports
(GAO-01-727), June 2001.

60
. American Corn Growers Association.
Third Annual Survey
, December 21, 2001, and
Corn Growers Concerned Trade Legislation Will Backfire
, January 18, 2002.

61
. Wainio J, Gibson P. U.S. exports face high tariffs in some key markets.
FoodReview
2001;24(3):29–38.

62
. Nettleton JA. Food industry retreats from science.
Food Technology
1999;53(10):24.

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