Sidelined (35 page)

126
. Interview with Jane Swagerty, November 19, 2004.

127
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
167.

128
.
New York Times,
April 24, 1968.

129
. Cited in Bass,
Not the Triumph,
178.

130
. Roby to Brundage, August 8, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 62, “Roby, M., Douglas F.” folder, 1968 correspondence, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.

131
.
New York Times,
November 24, 1967.

132
.
New York Times,
August 1, 1968.

133
. Ibid.; press release, July 24, 1968, Rowing file, 1968–1972, Lentz Papers. A sixth member of the crew, Andrew Larkin, signed the release but was absent from the press conference due to illness.

134
. Interview with Cleve Livingston, August 18, 2004.

135
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.

136
. Ibid.

137
. Press release, July 24, 1968, Rowing file, 1968–1972, Lentz Papers.

138
.
New York Times,
August 31, 1968.

139
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
100.

140
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.

141
. Undated questionnaire, Rowing file, 1968–1972, Lentz Papers.

142
. See handwritten notes attached to undated questionnaire, Rowing file, 1968–1972, Lentz Papers.

143
.
New York Times,
August 1, 1968.

144
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.

145
. Carlin to Barnes, September 22, 1968, Rowing file, 1968–1972, Lentz Papers.

146
. Harvard crew to USOC, September 17, 1968, Rowing file, 1968–1972, Lentz Papers.

147
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.

148
. Ibid.

149
. Ibid.; interview with Cleve Livingston, August 18, 2004.

150
.
Newsweek,
October 6, 1969.

3. The Black Athletic Revolt on Campus

1
.
University Daily Kansan,
May 13, 1968.

2
. Interview with T. J. Gaughan, October 27, 2004.

3
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
88.

4
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics.” David Zang's
Sports Wars: Athletes in the Age of Aquarius
touches on some of the events without addressing them specifically.

5
. Kemper,
College Football,
191–93.

6
. Lipset,
Rebellion in the University,
97–98.

7
. Interview with Waddell Blackwell, April 18, 2006.

8
.
Daily Californian
(University of California, Berkeley), January 27, 1968.

9
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 307.

10
. “Resolution of the Black Athletes of the University of California Regarding Discrimination and Abuse,” January 23, 1968 (copy sent to author by former University of California football player Jerome Champion).

11
. Ibid.

12
.
Daily Californian,
January 23, 1968.

13
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
80.

14
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 308.

15
. Interview with Robert Abright, April 13, 2006.

16
. Interview with Waddell Blackwell, April 18, 2006.

17
. Interview with Bob Wolfe, April 17, 2006.

18
. Tom Henderson, e-mail correspondence with author, April 3, 2006.

19
.
Daily Californian,
January 24, 1968.

20
.
Daily Californian,
January 25, 1968.

21
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
81.

22
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 311; Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
81, 146.

23
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
81.

24
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 311.

25
. Interview with Waddell Blackwell, April 18, 2006.

26
. Interview with Robert Abright, April 13, 2006.

27
. Interview with Bob Wolfe, April 17, 2006; interview with Robert Abright, April 13, 2006.

28
. Interview with Waddell Blackwell, April 18, 2006.

29
. Interview with Bob Wolfe, April 17, 2006; interview with Robert Abright, April 13, 2006.

30
. Tom Henderson, e-mail correspondence with author, April 3, 2006.

31
. Interview with Robert Abright, April 13, 2006.

32
. Interview with Bob Wolfe, April 17, 2006.

33
. Interview with Robert Abright, April 13, 2006.

34
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 332.

35
. Interview with Bob Wolfe, April 17, 2006.

36
. Interview with Waddell Blackwell, April 18, 2006.

37
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 330.

38
. Interview with Bob Wolfe, April 17, 2006.

39
. Interview with Joe Thomas, August 24, 2004.

40
. Students United for Racial Equality—Correspondence, 1965–68, Marquette University Archives 8.3, series 10, box 17.

41
.
Marquette (Wisc.) Tribune,
May 22, 1968.

42
. “An Open Letter to Marquette,” May 1, 1968, Marquette University Archives 8.5, series 3, box 4, Student Power—Respond Movement.

43
.
Marquette Tribune,
May 10, 1968.

44
. “Respond Bulletin,” May 11, 1968, Marquette University Archives 8.5, series 3, box 4.

45
. Interview with Joe Thomas, August 24, 2004.

46
. “Open letter from concerned students at Marquette University,” May 1968, Marquette University Archives 8.4, series 6, box 7.

47
.
Marquette Tribune,
May 10, 1968.

48
. Ibid.

49
.
Milwaukee Journal,
May 16, 1968, Marquette University Archives 8.4, series 3, box 4.

50
.
Marquette Tribune,
May 16, 1968.

51
. Interview with Joe Thomas, August 24, 2004.

52
.
Marquette Tribune,
May 22, 1968.

53
.
New York Times,
May 18, 1968.

54
.
Marquette Tribune,
May 22, 1968; interview with Joe Thomas, August 24, 2004.

55
. Interview with Mike Fons, September 10, 2004.

56
. Interview with Dr. James Langenkamp, September 21, 2004.

57
. Interview with Joe Thomas, August 24, 2004.

58
.
Marquette Tribune,
May 22, 1968.

59
. Interview with Mike Fons, September 10, 2004.

60
. “Account by Basketball Coaching Staff,” undated, Marquette University Archives 8.5, series 3, box 1.

61
. “Statement of George Thompson,” May 17, 1968, Marquette University Archives 8.5, series 3, box 1.

62
. Interview with Joe Thomas, August 24, 2004; “Account by Basketball Coaching Staff,” undated, Marquette University Archives 8.5, series 3, box 1.

63
.
Marquette Tribune,
October 18, 1968.

64
. Ibid.

65
.
Marquette Tribune,
May 22, 1968.

66
.
Milwaukee Journal,
May 17, 1968, Marquette University Archives 8.4, series 3, box 4.

67
. Interview with Joe Thomas, August 24, 2004.

68
. Ibid.

69
. “Letter to Alumni by President Raynor,” June 1968, Marquette University Archives 8.5, series 3, box 3.

70
.
University Daily Kansan,
May 10, 1968.

71
. Interview with Willie Amison, October 4, 2004.

72
. Interview with Bill Green, October 27, 2004.

73
. Interview with Willie Amison, October 4, 2004.

74
.
University Daily Kansan,
May 10, 1968.

75
.
New York Times,
May 11, 1968.

76
.
University Daily Kansan,
May 13, 1968.

77
. Interview with Bill Green, October 27, 2004.

78
. Interview with T. J. Gaughan, October 27, 2004.

79
. Interview with Willie Amison, October 4, 2004.

80
. Interview with Bill Bell, August 30, 2004.

81
. Interview with Willie Amison, October 4, 2004.

82
. Interview with T. J. Gaughan, October 27, 2004.

83
. Interview with Willie Amison, October 4, 2004.

84
. Bradley,
Harlem vs. Columbia University,
64–65; Rojas,
From Black Power to Black Studies,
28–29.

85
. Rojas,
From Black Power to Black Studies,
55–56.

86
. Bradley,
Harlem vs. Columbia University,
74–75, 188–89.

87
. This was later published as a full-length book, Olsen,
The Black Athlete: A Shameful Story; The Myth of Integrated Sport
.

88
. Plant to Hansen, August 2, 1968, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.

89
. Hansen to Plant, August 13, 1968, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.

90
. Hansen to Owens, August 21, 1968, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.

91
. NCAA Executive Council Minutes, 1968, Council, NCAA file, Byers Papers.

92
. Plant to Hansen, August 22, 1968, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.

93
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
216–18.

94
. NCAA Executive Council Minutes, August 15, 1968, 13, Council, NCAA file, Byers Papers.

95
. NCAA Executive Council Minutes, August 20, 1969, 3, Council, NCAA file, Byers Papers.

96
. Hansen to Plant, August 13, 1968, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.

97
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
222.

98
. Ibid.; Hansen to Plant, August 13, 1968, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers; my emphasis.

4. Black Gloves and Gold Medals

1
. Hoffer,
Something in the Air,
183–88.

2
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004.

3
. Interview with Harry Edwards, January 26, 2004.

4
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
189; Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 71.

5
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004.

6
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.

7
. Miroff, “Presidential Leverage.”

8
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
143; Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
99.

9
. Brundage to Roby, August 5, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 62, “Roby, Douglas F., correspondence 1968, Illinois” folder, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.

10
. Roby to Brundage, August 8, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 62, “Roby, Douglas F., correspondence 1968, Illinois” folder, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.

11
. E. Barnes, Notice to USOC Board of Directors, September 18, 1968, Rowing file, 1968–1972, Lentz Papers.

12
. Rodda, “Prensa, Prensa.”

13
. Interview with Harry Edwards, January 26, 2004.

14
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.

15
.
International Herald Tribune,
October 17, 1968.

16
. Ibid.; Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
152.

17
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004.

18
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.

19
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.

20
. Guttman,
Games Must Go On,
244.

21
. Brundage to Belles, November 18, 1968, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.

22
. Roberts and Olson,
Winning Is the Only Thing,
210.

23
. Interview with Hal Connolly, January 13, 2004.

24
. Pope,
Patriotic Games,
160.

25
. Skrentny, “Effect of the Cold,” 262.

26
. Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 72.

27
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
153.

28
. Carlos made this claim during a talk to college students on June 16, 2007; see
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wh169BA4Dk&NR=1
, accessed July 28, 2011.

29
. Carlos with Zirin,
John Carlos Story,
110.

30
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
196.

31
. Interview with Lee Evans, April 20, 2004.

32
. Carlos with Zirin,
John Carlos Story,
80–83.

33
. Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 73.

34
. Interview with Peter Norman, April 14, 2004.

35
. R. Paul, “Setting the 1968 Record Straight,” 15.

36
. Interview with Neil Amdur, November 16, 2005.

37
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
23.

38
. Carlos with Zirin,
John Carlos Story,
121.

39
. Interview with Peter Norman, April 14, 2004; interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.