Sidelined (37 page)

88
. Demas,
Integrating the Gridiron,
126–27.

89
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.

90
. Interview with Alan Zerfoss, September 12, 2004.

91
. Interview with Gary Fox, August 22, 2004.

92
. Interview with Alan Zerfoss, September 12, 2004.

93
. Interview with Ken Hustad, March 21, 2004.

94
. Interview with Alan Zerfoss, September 12, 2004.

95
. Interview with Gary Fox, August 22, 2004.

96
. Ibid.; interview with Ken Hustad, March 21, 2004; interview with Alan Zerfoss, September 12, 2004; interview with Dr. Michael Newton, August 16, 2004.

97
. Interview with Dr. Michael Newton, August 16, 2004.

98
. Interview with Ken Hustad, March 21, 2004.

99
. Interview with Conrad Dobler, March 12, 2004.

100
. Lipsitz,
Possessive Investment in Whiteness,
21.

101
.
New York Times,
November 1, 1969.

102
.
New York Times,
November 10, 1969.

103
. Demas,
Integrating the Gridiron,
130.

6. Dixie and the Absence of a Black Athletic Revolt

1
. Interview with Eddie Brown, October 23, 2006; interview with Haskel Stanback, October 17, 2006.

2
. Pope,
Patriotic Games,
65–67, 103–4.

3
. R. Gudmestad, “Baseball, the Lost Cause, and the New South in Richmond, Virginia,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
52–80.

4
. Pope,
Patriotic Games,
91–93.

5
. A. Doyle, “Turning the Tide: College Football and Southern Progressivism,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
114–15.

6
. Borucki, “You're Dixie's Football Pride,” 481.

7
. Doyle, “Turning the Tide,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
122.

8
. Kemper,
College Football,
89.

9
. Miller, “To Bring the Race along Rapidly: Sport, Student Culture, and Educational Mission at Historically Black Colleges during the Interwar Years,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
129.

10
. Cobb,
Redefining Southern Culture,
127.

11
. Kemper,
College Football,
137.

12
. T. Ownby, “Manhood, Memory, and White Men's Sports in the American South,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
336–39.

13
. The SEC was made up of the Universities of Alabama, Auburn, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana State, Mississippi State, Ole Miss (University of Mississippi), Kentucky, Tennessee, and Vanderbilt.

14
. Klarman, “How Brown Changed Race Relations,” 84.

15
. Martin,
Benching Jim Crow,
57–87.

16
. Wallenstein, “Black Southerners and Nonblack Universities,” 33–35.

17
. Ibid., 21.

18
. Martin,
Benching Jim Crow,
92, 117, 125.

19
. Ibid., 204.

20
. Jeffries, “Fields of Play,” 269–70.

21
. Interview with Steve Sloan, November 19, 2006.

22
. J. E. Davis, “Baseball's Reluctant Challenge: Desegregating Major League Spring Training Sites, 1961–64,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
200–218.

23
. New York NAACP branch to Wilkins, June 12, 1961, group 3, box A3, Sports, NAACP collection.

24
. Martin, “Integrating New Year's Day,” 194.

25
. R. Henderson, “Something More than the Game,” 235.

26
. Demas,
Integrating the Gridiron,
72–74.

27
. Ibid., 88–93; Pratt,
We Shall Not Be Moved,
46.

28
. Pratt,
We Shall Not Be Moved,
61–63.

29
. Ibid., 71–75.

30
. Ibid., 93–97.

31
. Trillin,
Education in Georgia,
83.

32
. Pratt,
We Shall Not Be Moved,
121.

33
. Trillin,
Education in Georgia,
90.

34
. Cohodas,
Band Played Dixie,
74.

35
. Thornton, “Symbolism at Ole Miss,” 255–65.

36
. Catsam, “Sic 'Em White Folks!,” 88.

37
. Cohodas,
Band Played Dixie,
78–82.

38
. Catsam, “Sic 'Em White Folks!,” 93–94.

39
. Clark,
Schoolhouse Door,
164–65.

40
. Cohodas,
Band Played Dixie,
89.

41
. Ibid., 104–15.

42
. A. Doyle, “An Atheist in Alabama Is Someone Who Doesn't Believe in Bear Bryant: A Symbol for an Embattled South,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
248.

43
. Clark,
Schoolhouse Door,
140–43.

44
. Doyle, “Atheist in Alabama,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
253–55; Kemper,
College Football,
135–37.

45
. Doyle, “Atheist in Alabama,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
254–57; Kemper,
College Football,
140–41.

46
. Clark,
Schoolhouse Door,
164–66.

47
. Martin, “Hold That (Color) Line!,” 168.

48
. Interview with Willie Brown, October 4, 2004.

49
. Interview with Bill Richardson, January 22, 2008; interview with George Patton, March 24, 2006.

50
. Interview with Bill Richardson, January 22, 2008.

51
. Interview with Horace King, March 31, 2006.

52
. Grundy,
Learning to Win,
270.

53
. Lester McClain oral history, 1992, University of Tennessee Special Collections.

54
. Martin, “Hold That (Color) Line!,” 166.

55
. Ibid., 171.

56
. Borucki, “You're Dixie's Football Pride,” 486.

57
. Topchik, “First Move Awaits UT in Getting Negro Athletes,”
Daily Beacon
(University of Tennessee), October 8, 1965.

58
. “Integration? No Problem,”
Middlesboro (Ky.) Daily News,
May 2, 1967.

59
.
Middlesboro (Ky.) Daily News,
October 3, 1967.

60
. Martin, “Hold That (Color) Line!,” 175.

61
. “Nashville Negro Ace to Sign with Vols,”
Knoxville (Tenn.) Journal,
May 9, 1967.

62
. Martin, “Hold That (Color) Line!,” 178.

63
. McClain oral history, 1992, University of Tennessee Special Collections.

64
. Interview with Condredge Holloway, October 4, 2006.

65
. Interview with Bill Battle, November 20, 2006.

66
. Martin, “Hold That (Color) Line!,” 179.

67
. Borucki, “You're Dixie's Football Pride,” 487.

68
. Martin,
Benching Jim Crow,
276.

69
. Doyle, “Atheist in Alabama,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
271.

70
. Interview with Horace King, March 31, 2006; interview with Vince Dooley, March 20, 1968.

71
.
Red and Black
(University of Georgia), January 12, 1971.

72
. Martin, “Hold That (Color) Line!,” 189–90.

73
. J. Paul, McGhee, and Fant, “Arrival and Ascendance of Black Athletes,” 288.

74
. Interview with Horace King, March 31, 2006.

75
. Interview with Haskel Stanback, October 17, 2006.

76
. Interview with Eddie Brown, October 23, 2006.

77
. Interview with Condredge Holloway, October 4, 2006; interview with Bill Battle, November 20, 2006.

78
.
Red and Black,
November 2, 1973.

79
. McClain oral history, 1992, University of Tennessee Special Collections.

80
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
88.

81
. Cohodas,
Band Played Dixie,
165.

82
. Interview with Horace King, March 31, 2006.

83
.
Daily Beacon,
October 16, 1972.

84
. Interview with Haskel Stanback, October 17, 2006.

85
. McClain oral history, 1990, p. 13, University of Tennessee Special Collections.

86
. Interview with Horace King, March 31, 2006.

87
. Interview with Condredge Holloway, October 4, 2006.

88
. Interview with Johnny Musso, November 27, 2006.

89
. Cohodas,
Band Played Dixie,
171–72.

90
. Interview with Vince Dooley, March 20, 2006.

91
. Interview with Haskel Stanback, October 17, 2006.

92
. Interview with Bill Battle, November 20, 2006.

93
. Interview with Thomas Lyons, March 21, 2006.

94
. Interview with Condredge Holloway, October 4, 2006.

95
. Interview with Vince Dooley, March 20, 2006.

96
.
Red and Black,
November 4, 1971.

97
. Interview with Horace King, March 31, 2006.

98
. Interview with Johnny Musso, November 27, 2006.

99
. Lopez,
Cougars of Any Color,
160–66.

Conclusion

1
. “Mendenhall Creates Stir with Bin Laden Tweets,”
Lincoln (Ill.) Courier,
May 4, 2011, accessed August 5, 2011,
http://www.lincolncourier.com/sports/pro/x449047096/mendenhall-creates-stir-with-bin-laden-tweets
.

2
. Scott Brown, “Twitter Comments Cost Mendenhall Endorsement Deal,”
Tribune-Review
(Pittsburgh), May 6, 2011, accessed August 5, 2011,
http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/steelers/s_735693.html
.

3
. Scott Brown, “Steeler Veterans Address Mendenhall Flap,”
Tribune-Review
(Pittsburgh), May 14, 2011, accessed August 5, 2011,
http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/steelers/s_737055.html
.

4
. “Steve Spurrier Bans His Team from Using Twitter,”
SportingNews.com
, NCAAF, August 4, 2011, accessed November 15, 2011,
http://aol.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2011–08–04/steve-spurrier-bans-south-carolina-gamecocks-from-using-twitter
.

5
. Darren Rovell, “Coaches Ban of Twitter Proves College Sports Isn't about Education,” CNBC, August 8, 2011, accessed November 15, 2011,
http://www.cnbc.com/id/44058540/Coaches_Ban_Of_Twitter_Proves_College_Sports_Isn_t_About_Education
.

6
. Hall, “Long Civil Rights Movement,” 1237–38.

7
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
245–47.

8
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
345.

9
. Brooks and Althouse, “Fifty Years After Jackie Robinson,” 318.

10
. Zirin,
Welcome to the Terrordome
.

11
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
346.

12
. Bostdorff and Goldzwig, “History, Collective Memory,” 682.

Bibliography

Oral History Interviews

Abright, Robert. April 13, 2006.

Amdur, Neil. November 16, 2005.

Amison, Willie. October 4, 2004.

Battle, Bill. November 20, 2006.

Bell, Bill. August 30, 2004.

Blackwell, Waddell. April 18, 2006.

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Dobroth, John. October 29, 2004.

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Green, Bill. October 27, 2004.

Hamilton, Melvin. April 19, 2004.

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Hoffman, Paul. August 4, 2004.

Holloway, Condredge. October 4, 2006.

Hustad, Ken. March 21, 2004.

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Livingston, Cleve. August 18, 2004.

Lyons, Thomas. March 21, 2006.

Musso, Johnny. November 27, 2006.

Newton, Dr. Michael. August 16, 2004.

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Oerter, Al. November 16, 2004.

Patton, George. March 24, 2006.

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Zerfoss, Alan. September 12, 2004.

Archival Material

Brundage, Avery, Collection. International Olympic Committee archives, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Brundage, Avery, Papers. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Byers, Walter, Papers. National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Library and Archives, Indianapolis.