Authors: Peter Andreas
Tags: #Social Science, #Criminology, #History, #United States, #20th Century
Smuggler Nation (79 page)
Clark, Colonel,
88
Clark, John,
224
Clark, Lewis,
121
–22
Clark, Ramsey,
266
Clements, Mannie,
222
Clifford, Bede,
236
Clinton, Bill
autobiography,
348
border crackdown,
301
–02
drug policy,
287
–88
Coast Guard
drug interdiction efforts,
282
,
287
,
288
,
309
and Prohibition,
231
,
237
,
239
–43,
405
n
52
Coca-Cola,
254
cocaine
air smuggling,
313
Colombian trafficking,
277
,
278
–80,
289
,
292
,
309
,
313
,
315
,
349
“crack,”
282
–83
criminalization of,
9
,
253
,
262
–63
law enforcement campaigns,
2
,
280
–81,
292
legality in early
20
th century,
254
,
255
Mexican trafficking,
309
,
312
,
313
,
315
,
318
,
336
,
416
n
45
in New York City,
262
–63
prices,
280
trafficking through Florida,
280
–81,
309
U.S. chemicals in manufacture,
x
U.S. usage,
277
–78,
280
,
411
n
85–86
Coercive Acts,
41
Coffee, John M.,
269
Cohen, Andrew Wender,
179
,
190
,
391
n
1,
392
n
8
Colden, Cadwallader,
27
–28
Colgate, Samuel,
199
Collamer, Senator,
171
Collier, Aine,
397
n
50
Collins, Wilkie,
185
Colombia
cocaine industry,
277
,
278
–80,
289
,
292
,
309
,
313
,
315
,
349
heroin export,
289
marijuana production,
276
–77,
278
Medellin and Cali cartels,
280
,
289
U.S. military assistance,
288
commerce regulation,
7
,
63
,
191
,
205
,
227
See also
immigration control; Prohibition
communism
and drug trade,
272
–73
See also
Cold War geopolitics
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970),
274
Compromise of 1850,
150
Comstock Act,
193
,
197
,
198
,
206
–07,
340
,
396
n
10,
396
n
24
Comstock, Anthony.
See
antivice
crusade (Comstock)
See also
contraceptives
Confederacy
arms and gunpowder shortages,
155
,
388
n
2
blockade runners,
157
–62,
160
,
163
–65,
389
n
36
cotton as currency,
156
,
161
,
162
,
163
,
166
,
174
cotton smuggling,
155
,
158
,
292
,
348
–49
hopes for British intervention,
155
–56
lack of manufacturing,
154
–55
smuggling of luxury items,
164
,
389
n
33,
389
n
35
trade with Cuba,
172
–73
trade with Mexico,
162
–63,
165
,
172
trading with enemy,
165
–73,
390
n
45
Union blockade,
154
,
156
,
157
,
158
,
159
Connecticut,
57
–58
Constitution.
See
U.S. Constitution
Continental Army
rum rations for,
228
and smuggling,
46
,
47
,
49
,
53
,
57
,
60
,
107
,
348
Continental Congress,
48
,
52
,
53
,
54
,
59
contraband goods
and American Revolution,
48
–49
cattle at U.S.-Mexico border,
293
Civil War,
156
–57,
159
–65,
167
,
172
colonial trading,
14
contraceptives as,
9
,
191
,
197
–202
Gilded Age,
183
–90
post-Revolutionary conflicts,
67
,
68
–71
from U.S. to Mexico,
292
,
295
–96
See also
“contrabands”; St. Eustatius
“contrabands”
as label for escaped slaves,
145
,
153
,
211
smugglers of,
223
contraceptives
decriminalization of,
201
–02
distribution through U.S. Mail,
199
female birth control,
200
imports from Europe,
199
–200
and sexual revolution,
202
targeted by Comstock Act,
197
–202
turn-of-century usage,
397
n
50
Cooper, William,
36
corruption
antidrug campaign,
254
,
264
–65,
266
,
311
–12,
316
–17,
322
,
332
,
336
,
351
foreign adoptions,
337
and immigration,
267
pervasiveness in U.S. history,
4
Prohibition,
232
–33,
245
,
248
,
340
Rhode Island,
354
U.S. Customs Service,
178
,
182
–83,
222
See also
bribery
Costello, Frank,
270
cotton
Civil War smuggling of,
156
,
161
,
162
,
163
,
166
,
174
,
292
,
348
–49
and Embargo Act,
77
–78
invention of cotton gin,
132
–33
textile production,
5
,
99
,
109
–10,
133
U.S. production and export,
133
See also
Industrial Revolution; slave trade counterculture revolution,
273
,
281
Coxe, Tench,
100
–101,
100
,
102
,
377
n
8
coyotes
,
292
“crack” cocaine,
282
–83
See also
cocaine
Crane, Frederick,
202
Creek nation,
146
Cronk, Edward,
406
n
85
Crowninshield, Jacob,
73
cryptography,
240
Cuba
Civil War trading,
172
–73
customs
moiety system,
178
–79
See also
American colonies; Gilded Age; U.S. Customs Service cyberspace, policing of,
343
–45
Dalitz, Moe,
247
Dana, Charles A.,
168
Daniel, Price,
272
–73
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration),
275
,
282
,
287
,
288
,
290
,
309
,
310
–12,
315
,
317
Declaration of Independence,
5
,
43
–44,
239
Deep South.
See
South
De Lancey, Governor,
25
Delano, Warren, II,
254
Denison, Everett,
234
Denny, William,
23
–24
De Soto, Hernando,
398
n
2
Detroit, Mich.
See also
Detroit River
Detroit River, alcohol smuggling,
243
–45,
246
,
406
n
81
DeWolf family,
138
diaphragms,
200
See also
contraceptives
Díaz, Porfirio,
217
Dickerson, Oliver M.,
363
n
13
Digges, Thomas,
107
–09
Domenici, Pete,
310
Dominguez, Gus,
421
n
11
Donnell, John,
66
Dotcom, Kim,
344
Douglass, Frederick,
151
–52
Dowe, Robert,
294
Downs, Jacque,
66
Drips, Andrew,
124
Drug Abuse Control Amendments (1965),
411
n
85
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
See
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
drug prohibition and enforcement
Clinton’s drug policy,
287
–88
cocaine wars,
277
–81
corruption in,
264
–65
early antidrug crusades and legislation,
257
–62
geopolitical factors,
269
–73,
276
G.H.W. Bush’s war on drugs,
284
–87,
288
intimidation of doctors,
260
–62,
408
n
28
law enforcement expansion,
249
,
253
–54,
284
–90
links to racism and nativism,
257
–58,
259
,
261
,
267
Nixon’s war on drugs,
273
–77
parallels with Prohibition,
264
–65,
289
–90
Reagan’s war on drugs,
281
–82
See also
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN); Mexico; U.S. Treasury Department;
specific drugs
drugs
legality in early
20
th century,
254
–56
medical regulation models,
256
–57,
260
See also
amphetamines; cocaine; drug prohibition and enforcement; heroin; marijuana (cannabis); methamphetamines; morphine; opium
drug trade
adaptation and resilience,
277
,
289
–90
driving underground,
262
–65
See also
cocaine; drug prohibition and enforcement; heroin; marijuana (cannabis); methamphetamines; morphine; opium Dubois, W.E.B.,
143
Dwyer, William Vincent,
242
