Smuggler Nation (79 page)

Clark, Colonel,
88

Clark, John,
224

Clark, Lewis,
121
–22

Clark, Ramsey,
266

Clements, Mannie,
222

Clifford, Bede,
236

Clinton, Bill

autobiography,
348

border crackdown,
301
–02

drug policy,
287
–88

Coast Guard

drug interdiction efforts,
282
,
287
,
288
,
309

and Prohibition,
231
,
237
,
239
–43,
405
n
52

Coca-Cola,
254

cocaine

air smuggling,
313

Colombian trafficking,
277
,
278
–80,
289
,
292
,
309
,
313
,
315
,
349

“crack,”
282
–83

criminalization of,
9
,
253
,
262
–63

law enforcement campaigns,
2
,
280
–81,
292

legality in early
20
th century,
254
,
255

links to racism,
257
,
283

Mexican trafficking,
309
,
312
,
313
,
315
,
318
,
336
,
416
n
45

in New York City,
262
–63

prices,
280

trafficking through Florida,
280
–81,
309

U.S. chemicals in manufacture,
x

U.S. regulation of,
257
,
259

U.S. usage,
277
–78,
280
,
411
n
85–86

coca products,
253
,
254
,
264

Coercive Acts,
41

Coffee, John M.,
269

Cohen, Andrew Wender,
179
,
190
,
391
n
1,
392
n
8

Colden, Cadwallader,
27
–28

Cold War geopolitics,
271
,
276

Colgate, Samuel,
199

Collamer, Senator,
171

Collier, Aine,
397
n
50

Collins, Charles,
138
,
139

Collins, Wilkie,
185

Colombia

cocaine industry,
277
,
278
–80,
289
,
292
,
309
,
313
,
315
,
349

heroin export,
289

marijuana production,
276
–77,
278

Medellin and Cali cartels,
280
,
289

U.S. military assistance,
288

commerce regulation,
7
,
63
,
191
,
205
,
227

See also
immigration control; Prohibition

communism

and drug trade,
272
–73

See also
Cold War geopolitics

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970),
274

Compromise of 1850,
150

Comstock Act,
193
,
197
,
198
,
206
–07,
340
,
396
n
10,
396
n
24

Comstock, Anthony.
See
antivice

crusade (Comstock)

condoms,
197
–200,
201
,
202

See also
contraceptives

Confederacy

arms and gunpowder shortages,
155
,
388
n
2

blockade runners,
157
–62,
160
,
163
–65,
389
n
36

cotton as currency,
156
,
161
,
162
,
163
,
166
,
174

cotton smuggling,
155
,
158
,
292
,
348
–49

hopes for British intervention,
155
–56

lack of manufacturing,
154
–55

smuggling of luxury items,
164
,
389
n
33,
389
n
35

trade with Cuba,
172
–73

trade with Mexico,
162
–63,
165
,
172

trading with enemy,
165
–73,
390
n
45

Union blockade,
154
,
156
,
157
,
158
,
159

Connecticut,
57
–58

Constitution.
See
U.S. Constitution

Continental Army

rum rations for,
228

and smuggling,
46
,
47
,
49
,
53
,
57
,
60
,
107
,
348

Continental Congress,
48
,
52
,
53
,
54
,
59

contraband goods

and American Revolution,
48
–49

cattle at U.S.-Mexico border,
293

Civil War,
156
–57,
159
–65,
167
,
172

colonial trading,
14

contraceptives as,
9
,
191
,
197
–202

Galveston Island,
144
,
145

Gilded Age,
183
–90

post-Revolutionary conflicts,
67
,
68
–71

from South America,
272
,
278

from U.S. to Mexico,
292
,
295
–96

See also
“contrabands”; St. Eustatius

“contrabands”

Chinese,
215
,
217

as label for escaped slaves,
145
,
153
,
211

smugglers of,
223

contraceptives

advertising,
198
–99,
397
n
37–38

condoms,
197
–200,
201
,
202

contraband,
9
,
191
,
197
–202

decriminalization of,
201
–02

distribution through U.S. Mail,
199

female birth control,
200

imports from Europe,
199
–200

as obscene material,
191
,
197

and sexual revolution,
202

targeted by Comstock Act,
197
–202

turn-of-century usage,
397
n
50

U.S. manufacture,
197
–200,
201

Cooper, William,
36

corruption

antidrug campaign,
254
,
264
–65,
266
,
311
–12,
316
–17,
322
,
332
,
336
,
351

Civil War era,
170
,
171
–72,
173

colonial era,
4
,
13
,
14
,
17
,
33

foreign adoptions,
337

illicit trade,
340
,
347

and immigration,
267

pervasiveness in U.S. history,
4

Prohibition,
232
–33,
245
,
248
,
340

Rhode Island,
354

U.S. Customs Service,
178
,
182
–83,
222

See also
bribery

Costello, Frank,
270

cotton

Civil War smuggling of,
156
,
161
,
162
,
163
,
166
,
174
,
292
,
348
–49

and Embargo Act,
77
–78

invention of cotton gin,
132
–33

textile production,
5
,
99
,
109
–10,
133

U.S. production and export,
133

See also
Industrial Revolution; slave trade counterculture revolution,
273
,
281

Coxe, Tench,
100
–101,
100
,
102
,
377
n
8

coyotes
,
292

“crack” cocaine,
282
–83

See also
cocaine

Crane, Frederick,
202

Creek nation,
146

Crompton, Samuel,
102
,
105

Cronk, Edward,
406
n
85

Crowninshield, Jacob,
73

cryptography,
240

Cuba

Civil War trading,
172
–73

modern smuggling,
333
,
421
n
11

slave trade,
130
,
131
,
140
,
148

customs

moiety system,
178
–79

See also
American colonies; Gilded Age; U.S. Customs Service cyberspace, policing of,
343
–45

Dalitz, Moe,
247

Dana, Charles A.,
168

Daniel, Price,
272
–73

Davis, William,
91
,
92
,
145

DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration),
275
,
282
,
287
,
288
,
290
,
309
,
310
–12,
315
,
317

Deane, Silas,
48
–50,
52
,
53
–54

Declaration of Independence,
5
,
43
–44,
239

Deep South.
See
South

De Lancey, Governor,
25

Delano, Warren, II,
254

Delaware,
76
,
106
,
166
,
333

Denison, Everett,
234

Denny, William,
23
–24

Derby, Elias Hasket,
47
,
365
n
17

De Soto, Hernando,
398
n
2

Detroit, Mich.

fur trade,
117
,
121
,
123
,
381
n
41

Prohibition,
243
–44,
244

See also
Detroit River

Detroit River, alcohol smuggling,
243
–45,
246
,
406
n
81

DeWolf family,
138

DeWolf, James,
135
,
138
,
139

diaphragms,
200

See also
contraceptives

Díaz, Porfirio,
217

Dickens, Charles,
127
,
185
,
348

Dickerson, Oliver M.,
363
n
13

Digges, Thomas,
107
–09

Domenici, Pete,
310

Dominguez, Gus,
421
n
11

Donnell, John,
66

Dotcom, Kim,
344

Douglass, Frederick,
151
–52

Dowe, Robert,
294

Downs, Jacque,
66

Drake, Richard,
145
–46,
386
n
73

Drips, Andrew,
124

Drug Abuse Control Amendments (1965),
411
n
85

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
See
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)

drug prohibition and enforcement

Clinton’s drug policy,
287
–88

cocaine wars,
277
–81

corruption in,
264
–65

early antidrug crusades and legislation,
257
–62

geopolitical factors,
269
–73,
276

G.H.W. Bush’s war on drugs,
284
–87,
288

intimidation of doctors,
260
–62,
408
n
28

law enforcement expansion,
249
,
253
–54,
284
–90

links to racism and nativism,
257
–58,
259
,
261
,
267

militarization,
282
,
283
,
284
–89

Nixon’s war on drugs,
273
–77

parallels with Prohibition,
264
–65,
289
–90

Reagan’s war on drugs,
281
–82

See also
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN); Mexico; U.S. Treasury Department;
specific drugs

drugs

addiction to,
256
–57,
262

legality in early
20
th century,
254
–56

medical regulation models,
256
–57,
260

See also
amphetamines; cocaine; drug prohibition and enforcement; heroin; marijuana (cannabis); methamphetamines; morphine; opium

drug trade

adaptation and resilience,
277
,
289
–90

driving underground,
262
–65

profits,
273
,
280
,
290

See also
cocaine; drug prohibition and enforcement; heroin; marijuana (cannabis); methamphetamines; morphine; opium Dubois, W.E.B.,
143

Dwyer, William Vincent,
242