Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (115 page)

50. Moscow Center to "Maxim," 27 November 1941, KGB file 35112, v.6, pp. 89, Vassiliev, White #1, 30.

51. Moscow Center to "Maxim," io January 1942, KGB file 35112, v.6. pp. loo,
io2, Vassiliev, White #1, 34-35.

52. Don S. Kirschner, Cold War Exile: The Unclosed Case of Maurice Halperin
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), 279-80, 286; Bentley, Deposition
1945,32-34,39,79-8o.

53. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 27 July 1943, KGB file 35112, v.6, p. 483;
KGB New York to Moscow Center, 18 August 1942, KGB file 35112, v.7, p. 94, Vassiliev, White #1, 42, 44; "Plan of assignments for `May,"' 16 December 1943, KGB
file 35112, v.1, p. 3o3a, Vassiliev, Black, 182.

54. Bentley, Deposition 1945, 15-17, 33-35, 39, 43-44, 53-54, 71, 74. FBI
Charlotte to Director, 4 April 1946, serial 557, FBI Silvermaster file 65-56402.
Butkov to Prudnikov, 11 April 1941, KGB file 35112, v.1, pp. 85, 87; Vassiliev, Black,
174-76.

55• "`Sound' passed along," ,5 November 1941; KGB New York to Moscow Center, 5 November 1941, KGB file 35112, v.4a, pp. 443, 662-63; Moscow Center to
"Maxim," 17 March 1942, KGB file 35112, v.6, p. 131, Vassiliev, White #1, 22, 28, 36. Butkov to Prudnikov, 11 April 1941, KGB file 35112,v-1, pp. 85, 87; Vassiliev, Black,
174-76.

56. Moscow Center to "Maxim," 28 August 1942, KGB file 35112, v.6, p. 263,
Vassiliev, White #1, 38.

57. Bentley, Deposition 1945, 34-36, 40, 52, 57, 78-80. FBI memo, 16 November 1945, serial 1o8; FBI memo, 26 December 45, serial 356; Lieutenant
Colonel Duncan C. Lee memo, serial 464; Ladd to Director, 21 February 1946, serial 573, FBI Silvermaster file 65-56402. "Biography of "Koch," received from
"Sound,"" 8 September 1942; "Maxim" to Moscow Center, 22 September 1942, KGB
file 40457, v.1, pp. 7-9, Vassiliev, White #3, 102; Bentley, Deposition 1945, 34-35.

58. "Maxim" to Moscow Center, 12 October 1942, KGB file 35112, v.7, p. 18o,
Vassiliev, White #1, 48; KGB Washington to Moscow Center, 2 November 1944,
KGB file 40457, v.1, p. 38, Vassiliev, White #3, 104-5.

59. "Maxim" to Moscow Center, 14 April 1943, "Maxim" to Moscow Center, 30
October 1943, KGB file 35112, v.7, pp. 386, 492, Vassiliev, White #1, 50, 52. Venona
868 KGB New York to Moscow, 8 June 1943.

6o. "Maxim" to Moscow Center, 30 October 1943, KGB file 35112, v.7, pp. 49293, Vassiliev, White #1, 52. Bentley, Deposition 1945, 43. Ladd memo, 15 December 1945, serial 367; Scheidt to Director, 31 January 1947, serial 1976; FBI Washington Field Office memo, 29 May 1947, serial 2540; Michael Greenberg statement,
1947, serial 2583, FBI Silvermaster file 65-56402. Earl Latham, The Communist
Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1966), 306-7.

61. "Message from `Myrna' re `Helmsman,"' 11 December 1944, KGB file
70545, PP. 284-85, Alexander Vassiliev, White Notebook #2 [2007 English Translation], trans. Steven Shabad (1993-96), 18; Bentley, Deposition 1945, 77, 8o, 91, 9495; Elizabeth Bentley and Hayden B. Peake, Out of Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth
Bentley (New York: Ivy Books, 1888), 136-38.

62. KGB New York to Moscow Center, 8 March 1944; KGB New York to Moscow
Center, 31 March 1944, KGB file 35112, v.8, pp. 126, 133, Vassiliev, White #1, 59-6o.

63. Bernard S. Redmont, Risks Worth Taking: The Odyssey of a Foreign Correspondent (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992).

64. Bentley, Deposition 1945, 47-50, 79-80; Redmont, Risks, 61-62.

65. Gary May, Un-American Activities: The Trials of William Remington (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 59.

66. Redmont, Risks, 58-6o.

67. "M.'s contacts; list obtained by Vadim," October 1944; "List of M.'s contacts
(prepared by her)," 25 January 1945; "Bob" to Moscow Center, 4 December 1945;
"Bob from London," KGB file 70,545, pp. 140, 143, 303, 447, Vassiliev, White #2, 9,
19, 33; Anatoly Gorsky, "Failures in the USA (1938-48)," KGB file 43173, v.2c, p. 53,
Vassiliev, Black, 79. "Mon" appeared as an unknown cover name in two 1943 KGB
cables deciphered by the Venona project, one as a source on Latin American matters and the other so badly broken that little can be deduced. Venona 1o1g, 1021,
1024, 1034 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 June 1943; Venona io56 KGB New York
to Moscow, 3 July 1943.

68. "Nikolay" to Moscow Center, 2 August 1938, KGB file 34194, pp. 181-85,
Vassiliev, White #1, 125-26. Edward T. Folliard, "Hottest Primary in Half Century
Embroils Nearby Virginia," Washington Post, 31 July 1938; Edward T. Folliard, "Virginians Reject New Deal Supporter by Wide Margin," Washington Post, 3 August
1938.

6g. KGB New York to Moscow Center, 2 March 1939; KGB New York to
Moscow Center, 2 March 1939, KGB file 35112, v.5, pp. 166-67, 169, 186-87; KGB
New York to Moscow Center, 13 December 1939, KGB file 35112, v.5a, PP. 452-55;
Butkov to Prudnikov, ii April 1941, KGB file 35112, v.1, p. 84, Vassiliev, Black, 158,
16o, 163-64, 174.

70. Butkov to Prudnikov, 11 April 1941; "Expense estimate for `Stephan's' station," January 1941; "Plan of Operations," January 1941, KGB file 35112, v.1, pp. 41,
47, 89, Vassiliev, Black, 170, 172, 175. "Glan" to Moscow Center, 21 August 1941;
KGB New York to Moscow Center, 5 November 1941, KGB file 35112, v.4a, PP. 444,
644, Vassiliev, White #1, 23, 27.

71. Moscow Center to "Maxim," io January 1942, KGB file 35112, v.6, pp. 9697, Vassiliev, White #1, 33.

72. Testimony of William E. Dodd, Jr., 5 April 1943, U.S. House Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States (Executive Hearings) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt.
Print. Off., 1940-43), v.7, 3366-82; Testimony of William E. Dodd, Jr., 9 April 1943,
U.S. House Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Hearings
[Kerr Commission] (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1943), 120, 258;
Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence, no.
11 (Fall-Winter 2002): 33-43.

73. "Maxim" to Moscow Center, i September 1943, KGB file 35112, v.7,
PP. 438-39, Vassiliev, White #1, 51.

74. United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946). Moscow Center memo, 9 June
1945; Moscow Center to "Vadim," 14 June 1945, KGB file 43173, v.1, pp. 126, 129,
Vassiliev, Black, 53. "President" and "Lisa herself," circa 1945, KGB file 35112, v.9,
PP. 73, 94, Vassiliev, White #1, 76. "Report on `President,"' KGB file 43173, v5,
pp. 103-4, Vassiliev, Black, 86.

75. "Political and Diplomatic Intelligence Work in the USA," circa 1943, KGB
file 43173, v-1, PP. 35-36, Vassiliev, Black, 45-46.

76. Ibid.; Butkov to Prudnikov, 11 April 1941; Prudnikov, "Report on intelligence in the USA," 12 April 1941, KGB file 35112, v.1, pp. 68-6g, 85, 87, Vassiliev,
Black, 172-76.

77. "On the meeting with `Sound,"' 18 October 1941, KGB file 35112, v.6,
p. 783, Vassiliev, White #1, 29; Bentley, Deposition 1945, 37-38, 87; Venona 1221
KGB New York to Moscow, 26 August 1944. Emphasis in the original.

78. FBI New York office memo, 3 December 1945, serial 292; FBI Washington
office memo, i November 1946, serial 464; Scheidt to Hoover, 31 January 1947, serial 1976, FBI Silvermaster file 65-56402. Son [Rudy Baker] to Comintern, 22 February 1940, Archive of the Secretariat of the Executive Committee of the Communist International: Coded Correspondence with Communist Parties (1933-1943), Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) 495-184-4 (1939-194o
file).

79. Venona 851 KGB New York to Moscow, 1,5 June 1944; Venona 928 KGB
New York to Moscow, 1 july 1944; Venona 1154 KGB New York to Moscow, 12 August 1944; Venona 1198 KGB New York to Moscow, 23 August 1944; Venona 433
KGB San Francisco to Moscow, 11 August 1945; Venona 483-484 KGB San Francisco to Moscow, 13 September 1945. "Glan" to Moscow Center, 1g August 1941;
"Sound knows"; Report from probationer "Yun," 12 November 1941, KGB file
35112, v.4a, pp. 478, 570-71, 657, Vassiliev, White #1, 24-25, z8. Moscow Center to
"Maxim," 27 November 1941, KGB file 35112, v.6, p. 13, Vassiliev, White #1, 30.

8o. "Maxim" to Moscow Center, 9 February 1943, KGB file 35112, V•7, P. 253,
Vassiliev, White #1, 49; Venona 8,51 KGB New York to Moscow, 15 June 1944;
Venona 928 KGB New York to Moscow, 1 July 1944; Venona 1154 KGB New York
to Moscow, 12 August 1944; Venona 1198 KGB New York to Moscow, 23 August
1944; Venona 433 KGB San Francisco to Moscow, 11 August 1945; Venona 483484 KGB San Francisco to Moscow, 13 September 1945. John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press [Nota Bene], 2000), 237-38.

81. "Political and diplomatic intelligence work in the USA," circa 1943, KGB file
43173, v1, PP- 35-36, Vassiliev, Black, 45-46. Haynes and Klehr, Venona (2000),
76-77; FBI memo, "Existing Corroboration of Bentley's Overall Testimony," reproduced in Bentley and Peake, Out of Bondage, 254-55, 327; Winston Burdett testimony, 29 June 1955, U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Strategy and Tactics of World Connnunism, Recruiting for Espionage-Part 14 (Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1955), 1324-81; Venona 823 KGB New York to Moscow, 7
June 1944; Venona 881 KGB New York to Moscow, 20 June 1944.

82. Testimony of Louis Budenz, 23 September 1953, U.S. Senate Committee
on Government Operations, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, v.3, 1915;
Raymond Arthur Davies and Andrew J. Steiger, Soviet Asia, Democracys First Line
of Defense (New York: Dial Press, 1942); Henry Agard Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission,
in collaboration with Andrew J. Steiger (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1946);
Whitman Bassow, The Moscow Correspondents: Reporting on Russia from the Revolution to Glasnost (New York: W. Morrow, 1988), 146.

83. Moscow Center to Gennady, 26 April 1941, KGB file 35112, v.4, PP. 406-7;
KGB New York to Moscow Center, 5 November 1941, KGB file 35112, v.4a, p. 661,
Vassiliev, White #i, 21, 28. Venona 939 KGB New York to Moscow, 18 June 1943;
Venona 823 KGB New York to Moscow, 7 June 1944; Venona 881 KGB New York to
Moscow, 20 June 1944; Venona 905 KGB New York to Moscow, 26 June 1944; Venona
1275 KGB New York to Moscow, 7 September 1944; Venona 1403 KGB New York to
Moscow, 5 October 1944; Venona 275 KGB Moscow to New York, 25 March 1945;
Venona 656 KGB New York to Moscow, 9 May 1944. Emphasis in the original.

84. "Plan of measures," March 1949, KGB file 43173, v.2c, p. 23, Vassiliev, Black,
74. "His papers were not issued for oper. reasons" indicates that Epstein did not receive official Soviet citizenship papers for "operational reasons"-that is, the KGB did not want a paper record of his Soviet citizenship to exist that might compromise
his intelligence work.

85. Moscow Center to "Maxim," 15 March 1943, KGB file 35112, v.6, pp. 42426, Vassiliev, White #1, 41; Venona 823 KGB New York to Moscow, 7 June 1944;
Venona 881 KGB New York to Moscow, 20 June 1944. "Pacific Institute" was likely
the Institute for Pacific Affairs. Emphasis in the original.

86. "Plan of work with agents of the Washington Station for 1950," KGB file
43173, v.2c, p. 59, Vassiliev, Black, 8o; Sidney Rittenberg, The Man Who Stayed Behind, assisted by Amanda Bennett (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 252, 273;
Douglas Martin, "Israel Epstein, Prominent Chinese Communist, Dies at go," New
York Times, 2 June 2005.

87. Stephen R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the 193os and 1940s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).

88. References to Krafsur/"Ide" in Vassiliev, Black, 72, 75, 8o; Vassiliev, White
#i, 56, 74. Venona messages on Krafsur/"Ide" are in Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr,
Venona (2000).

8g. References to Belfrage/"Charlie" in Vassiliev, Black, 65 and 79; Vassiliev,
White #1, 7; Vassiliev, White #2, 9, 10, 28, 33. Venona messages about Belfrage are
in Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona (2000). Cedric Belfrage, The Frightened
Giant: My Unfinished Affair with America (London and New York: Seeker and Warburg, 1957); Cedric Belfrage, The American Inquisition, 1945-1960 (Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1973); Cedric Belfrage and James Aronson, Something to Guard: The
Stormy Life of the National Guardian, 1948-1967 (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1978).

go. References to Lauterbach/" Pa" in Vassiliev, White #1, 74. Venona messages
about Lauterbach/"Pa" are in Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona (2000).

g1. Moscow Center to Stalin, Molotov, and Beria, 5 July 1945, KGB file 224,
v.2, pp. 68-69, Alexander Vassiliev, Yellow Notebook #4 [2007 English Translation],
trans. Philip Redko (1993-96), 123; Venona 734 KGB New York to Moscow, 21 May
1944; Venona 1039-1041 KGB New York to Moscow, 24-25 July 1944; Venona 1393
KGB New York to Moscow, 3 October 1944; Venona 1814-18 15 KGB New York to
Moscow, 23 December 1944.

92. References to Setaro/"Express Messenger" in Vassiliev, Black, 79; Vassiliev,
Yellow #2, 88. Venona messages about Setaro/"Express Messenger" are in Appendix
A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona (2000).

93. References to Scott/"Fir" in Vassiliev, Black, 46, 51, 189; Vassiliev, White
#1, 2, 30. Venona messages about Scott/"Fir" are in Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr,
Venona (2000).

94. References to MacLean/"ioist" in Vassiliev, Black, 77. "MacLean" has not
been identified, and the exact English spelling of the name is uncertain.

95. References to Carpenter/"103rd" in Vassiliev, Black, 77.

g6. References to "Bough" in Vassiliev, White #1, 72. Venona messages about
"Bough" (transliterated as "Suk") are in Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona
(2000).

97. "Plan of measures," March 1949; Gorsky to Savchenko, 23 December 1949,
KGB file 43173, v.2C, pp. 21, 47, Vassiliev, Black, 74, 77.

98. Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World
of Arts and Letters (New York, New Press, zooo).

1. Gorsky, "Failures in the USA (1938-48)," KGB file 43173, V.2C, PP. 49-55,
Alexander Vassiliev, Black Notebook 12007 English Translation], trans. Philip Redko
(1993-96), 77-79•