Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (91 page)

21
. Salamishah Tillet, “Black Feminism, Tyler Perry Style,”
The Root
, November 11, 2010,
www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2010/11/a_feminist_analysis_of_tyler_perrys_for_colored_girls.html
.

22
. Alice Walker,
The Color Purple: A Novel
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1982).

23
. Robert Staples, “The Myth of Black Macho: A Response to Angry Black Feminists,”
The Black Scholar
10, no. 6/7 (March/April 1979): 24–33; Michele Wallace,
Black Macho and the Myth of Superwoman
(New York: Verso, 1990), 23, 107.

24
. June Jordan, “To Be Black and Female,”
New York Times
, March 18, 1979; Angela Y. Davis, “Black Writers’ Views of America,”
Fredomways
19, no. 3 (1979): 158–160; Wallace,
Black Macho and the Myth of Superwoman
, xxi, 75.

25
. Byrd and Tharps,
Hair Story
, 100–107.

26
. Guerrero,
Framing Blackness
, 113–138.

27
. Alex Haley,
Roots: The Saga of an American Family
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976).

CHAPTER 33: REAGAN’S DRUGS

1
. “‘Welfare Queen’ Becomes Issue in Reagan Campaign,”
New York Times
, February 15, 1976; “The Welfare Queen,”
Slate
, December 19, 2013,
www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2013/12/linda_taylor_welfare_queen_ronald_reagan_made_her_a_notorious_american_villain.html
.

2
. Massey and Denton,
American Apartheid
, 61, 83–114; Manning Marable,
Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945–2006
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007), 151–154.

3
. Brown et al.,
Whitewashing Race
, 164–192.

4
.
Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke
, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).

5
. Phyllis Ann Wallace, Linda Datcher-Loury, and Julianne Malveaux,
Black Women in the Labor Force
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980), 67; William J. Wilson,
The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions
, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 2–3; Michael Harrington,
The Other America: Poverty in the United States
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 76.

6
. John Langston Gwaltney,
Drylongso: A Self-Portrait of Black America
(New York: Random House, 1980), xix; Mel Watkins, “Books of the Times: Blacks Less ‘Hateful’ Enlightened Interviews,”
New York Times
, September 2, 1980.

7
. William Julius Wilson, “The Declining Significance of Race: Revisited & Revised,”
Daedalus
140, no. 2 (2011): 67.

8
.
Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke;
Robert Bork, “The Unpersuasive Bakke Decision,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 21, 1978; Sean F. Reardon, Rachel Baker, and Daniel Klasik,
Race, Income, and Enrollment Patterns in Highly Selective Colleges, 1982–2004
(Stanford, CA: Center for Education Policy Analysis, 2012),
https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/race%20income%20%26%20selective%20college%20enrollment%20august%203%202012.pdf
.

9
. Marable,
Race, Reform, and Rebellion
, 165–171.

10
. “Gus Hall and Angela Davis Lead Communist Party’s Ticket for ’80,”
New York Times
, November 20, 1979; Hutchinson,
Blacks and Reds
, 297–298.

11
. Marable,
Race, Reform, and Rebellion
, 171–175; “Angela Davis Says Get Tough with E. Bay Nazis,”
Sun Reporter
, September 20, 1979.

12
. “Angela Davis Brings Vice Preisdential Campaign to UCLA—Where It All Began,”
Los Angeles Times
, August 7, 1980; Poster, “People Before Profits: A Campaign Rally Featuring Angela Davis,” 1980, Oakland Museum of California Collection,
http://collections.museumca.org/?q=collection-item/201054471
.

13
. “Transcript of Ronald Reagan’s 1980 Neshoba County Fair Speech,”
Neshoba Democrat
, November 15, 2007,
http://web.archive.org/web/20110714165011/http://neshobademocrat.com/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=297&ArticleID=15599&TM=60417.67
.

14
. Guerrero,
Framing Blackness
, 113–138.

15
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 311–312; Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor
, 276–279; Marable,
Race, Reform, and Rebellion
, 179–181.

16
. Edward O. Wilson, “What Is Sociobiology?,”
Society
, September/October 1978, 10; Edward O. Wilson,
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975).

17
. Yudell,
Race Unmasked
, 179–200.

18
. Davis,
Women, Race & Class
, 14, 18–19, 23, 31, 178–182; bell hooks,
Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism
, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2014), 99.

19
. Brown et al.,
Whitewashing Race
, 136–137; Alexander,
The New Jim Crow
, 5–7, 49; Julian Roberts, “Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice,” in
Crime and Justice: A Review of Research
, vol. 16, ed. Michael Tonry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Ronald Reagan, “Remarks on Signing Executive Order 12368, Concerning Federal Drug Abuse Policy Functions,” June 24, 1982, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=42671
.

20
. “Davis Addresses Women’s Confab,”
Washington Informer
, August 22, 1984.

21
. Alexander,
The New Jim Crow
, 5–7, 51–53, 86–87, 206.

22
. “Reagan Signs Anti-Drug Measure; Hopes for ‘Drug-Free Generation,’”
New York Times
, October 28, 1968,
www.nytimes.com/1986/10/28/us/reagan-signs-anti-drug-measure-hopes-for-drug-free-generation.html
.

23
. Marc Mauer,
Race to Incarcerate
, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: New Press, 2006), 30–36; Human Rights Watch,
Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs
, vol. 12, HRW Reports (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2000); Christopher Ingraham, “White People Are More Likely to Deal Drugs, But Black People Are More Likely to Get Arrested for It,”
Washington Post
, September 30, 2014,
www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2014/09/30/white-people-are-more-likely-to-deal-drugs-but-black-people-are-more-likely-to-get-arrested-for-it/
.

24
. The Sentencing Project, “Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable,” April 1997.

25
. William Julius Wilson,
When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor
(New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 22.

26
. Gail Russell Chaddock, “U.S. Notches World’s Highest Incarceration Rate,”
Christian Science Monitor
, August 18, 2003; Christopher Uggen and Jeff Manza, “Democratic Contradiction? Political Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States,”
American Sociological Review
67 (2002): 777.

27
. Craig Reinarman, “The Crack Attack: America’s Latest Drug Scare, 1986–1992,” in
Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems
(New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995), 162; Marc Maeur,
Race to Incarcerate
, 150–151; National Institute on Drug Use,
Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network: Annual Data 1985
, Statistical Series I, #5 (Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1986); US Census Bureau, “Table 308: Homicide Trends,”
https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/11s0308.xls
; “Deaths from Drunken Driving Increase,”
New York Times
, October 29, 1987,
www.nytimes.com/1987/10/29/us/deaths-from-drunken-driving-increase.html
; Alexander,
The New Jim Crow
, 200–201.

28
. CBS News, “The Vanishing Family: Crisis in Black America,” first aired in January 1986,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VHMHmhUdHs
; Angela Y. Davis,
Women, Culture & Politics
(New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 75–85.

29
. Gary Bauer,
The Family: Preserving America’s Future
(Washington, DC: US Department of Education, 1986), 35.

30
. Eleanor Holmes Norton, “Restoring the Traditional Black Family,”
New York Times
, June 2, 1985.

CHAPTER 34: NEW DEMOCRATS

1
. Henry Louis Gates Jr., “TV’s Black World Turns—but Stays Unreal,”
New York Times
, November 12, 1989.

2
. Charles Krauthammer, “Children of Cocaine,”
Washington Post
, July 30, 1989.

3
. Washington,
Medical Apartheid
, 212–215; “‘Crack Baby’ Study Ends with Unexpected but Clear Result,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, July 22, 2013,
http://articles.philly.com/2013-07-22/news/40709969_1_hallam-hurt-so-called-crack-babies-funded-study
.

4
. Marable,
Race, Reform, and Rebellion
, 212–213; Hutchinson,
Betrayed
, 189–190.

5
.
McCleskey v. Kemp
, 481 U.S. 279, 1981; “New Look at Death Sentences and Race,”
New York Times
, April 29, 2008,
www.nytimes.com/2008/04/29/us/29bar.html
.

6
. Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar,
Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap
, CultureAmerica (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 105–109, 146–155.

7
. Molefi Kete Asante,
Afrocentricity
, new rev. ed. (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1988), 1, 104–105.

8
. Russell-Cole et al.,
The Color Complex
, 37–39, 51–54, 90–101, 107–109, 166; Byrd and Tharps,
Hair Story
, 112; J. Randy Taraborrelli,
Michael Jackson: The Magic, the Madness, the Whole Story, 1958–2009
(New York: Grand Central, 2009), 351.

9
. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”; Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,”
Stanford Law Review
43, no. 6 (1991): 1242; Mari J. Matsuda,
Where Is Your Body? And Other Essays on Race, Gender, and the Law
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), 47; Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic,
Critical Race Theory: An Introduction
, 2nd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 7–10.