Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (90 page)

16
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 287–291; Barry M. Goldwater,
The Conscience of a Conservative
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 1994), 67.

17
. Chana Kai Lee,
For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
, Women in American History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 89, 99; Cleveland Sellers and Robert L. Terrell,
The River of No Return: The Autobiography of a Black Militant and the Life and Death of SNCC
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990), 111.

18
. “Baldwin Blames White Supremacy,”
New York Post
, February 22, 1965; Telegram from Martin Luther King Jr. to Betty al-Shabazz, February 26, 1965, The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University,
http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/telegram_from_martin_luther_king_jr_to_betty_al_shabazz/
.

19
. Ossie Davis, “Eulogy for Malcolm X,” 29.

20
. Eliot Fremont-Smith, “An Eloquent Testament,”
New York Times
, November 5, 1965; Malcolm X and Haley,
Autobiography
.

21
. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Commencement Address at Howard University: ‘To Fulfill These Rights,’” in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965
, vol. 2, entry 301 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1966), 635–640.

22
. Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
The Negro Family: The Case for National Action
(Washington, DC: Office of Policy Planning and Research, US Department of Labor, 1965), 29–30,
http://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Moynihan’s%20The%20Negro%20Family.pdf
.

23
. US House of Representatives, “Voting Rights Act of 1965,” House Report 439, 89th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965), 3.

CHAPTER 31: BLACK POWER

1
. “New Crisis: The Negro Family,”
Newsweek
, August 9, 1965; James T. Patterson,
Freedom Is Not Enough: The Moynihan Report and America’s Struggle over Black Family Life—from LBJ to Obama
(New York: Basic Books, 2010), 65–70.

2
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 133–139; Russell-Cole et al.
The Color Complex
, 59–61.

3
. Massey and Denton,
American Apartheid
, 3, 18–19, 167; Kenneth Clark,
Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power
(New York: Harper and Row, 1965).

4
. “Success Story, Japanese-American Style,”
New York Times Magazine
, January 9, 1966; “Success Story of One Minority Group in the U.S.,”
US News and World Report
, December 26, 1966; Daryl J. Maeda,
Chains of Babylon: The Rise of Asian America
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009).

5
. Byrd and Tharps,
Hair Story
.

6
. Peniel E. Joseph,
Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America
(New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 141–142.

7
. “Dr. King Is Felled by Rock: 30 Injured as He Leads Protesters: Many Arrested in Race Clash,”
Chicago Tribune
, August 6, 1966.

8
. Joseph,
Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour
, 146.

9
. Roy Wilkins, “Whither ‘Black Power’?”
The Crisis
, August–September 1966, 354; “Humphrey Backs N.A.A.C.P. in Fight on Black Racism,”
New York Times
, July 7, 1966.

10
. Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin,
Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 70–73.

11
. Malcolm McLaughlin,
The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 6–9, 12; Jonathan M. Metzl,
The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2010); Marvin E. Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti,
The Subculture of Violence: Toward an Integrated Theory in Criminology
(London: Tavistock, 1967).

12
. Premilla Nadasen,
Welfare Warriors: The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States
(New York: Routledge, 2005), 135–138.

13
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 149–151.

14
. “New Black Consciousness Takes Over College Campus,”
Chicago Defender
, December 4, 1967.

15
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 156–161.

16
. Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” in
Say It Loud
, 41.

17
. Joseph,
Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour
, 197–201.

18
. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 17, 1968,” in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968–1969
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1970), 30.

19
. Eldridge Cleaver,
Soul on Ice
(New York: Dell, 1968), 101–111, 134, 159–163, 181, 187–188, 205–206.

20
. Franz Fanon,
Black Skin, White Masks
(New York: Grove Press, 2008), 45; William H. Grier and Price M. Cobbs,
Black Rage
(New York: BasicBooks, 1968).

21
. Andrew Billingsley,
Black Families in White America
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968), 33, 37.

22
.
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
(New York: New York Times Publications, 1968), 1–2, 389.

23
. Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the US House of Representatives, Findings in the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 277, National Archives,
www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-2-king-findings.html
; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 299–300; Hutchinson,
Betrayed
, 136–137, 144–145; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 303–304.

24
. Martin Luther King Jr., “Mountaintop Speech,” April 3, 1968, video,
https://vimeo.com/3816635
.

25
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 160–178; Spiro T. Agnew, Opening Statement of Conference with Civil Rights and Community Leaders,” April 11, 1968,
http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000012/000041/pdf/speech.pdf
.

26
. Rogers,
The Black Campus Movement
, 114; Hillel Black,
The American Schoolbook
(New York: Morrow, 1967), 106; Moreau,
Schoolbook Nation
.

27
. Pablo Guzman, “Before People Called Me a Spic, They Called Me a Nigger,” in
The Afro-Latin@ Reader: History and Culture in the United States
, ed. Miriam Jimenez Roman and Juan Flores (Durham, NC: Duke University Press), 235–243; Hutchinson,
Blacks and Reds
, 257–258.

28
. Frances Beale, “Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female,” in
The Black Woman: An Anthology
, ed. Toni Cade Bambara (New York: Washington Square Press, 2005), 109–122.

29
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 180–191.

CHAPTER 32: LAW AND ORDER

1
. Dan T. Carter,
From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 27; John Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power: The Nixon Years
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 223.

2
. Carter,
From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich
, 27; Ehrlichman,
Witness to Power
, 223.

3
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 216–223; Hutchinson,
Betrayed
, 145–149.

4
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 250–255, 263–266.

5
. “Academic Freedom and Tenure: The University of California at Los Angeles,”
AAUP Bulletin
57, no. 3 (1971): 413–414; Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement,”
Harvard Educational Review
39, no. 1 (1969): 82.

6
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 270–273.

7
. Ibid., 3–12, 277–279.

8
. Byrd and Tharps,
Hair Story
, 60–63.

9
. Guerrero,
Framing Blackness
, 69–111.

10
. Cheryll Y. Greene and Marie D. Brown, “Women Talk,”
Essence
, May 1990; “President Nixon Said It Was ‘Necessary’ to Abort Mixed-Race Babies, Tapes Reveal,”
Daily Telegraph
, June 24, 2009.

11
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 304–311; Toni Morrison, “What the Black Woman Thinks of Women’s Lib,”
New York Times Magazine
, August 1971; Toni Morrison,
The Bluest Eye
(New York: Penguin, 1970); Maya Angelou,
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
(New York: Random House, 1969).

12
. Joseph,
Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour
, 273–275.

13
. Brown et al.,
Whitewashing Race
, 164–192.

14
. Massey and Denton,
American Apartheid
, 60–62.

15
. Joseph,
Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour
, 283–293.

16
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 359.

17
. Michelle Alexander,
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
(New York: New Press, 2010), 8;
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, Task Force Report on Corrections
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 358.

18
. “15000 at NY Angela Davis Rally,”
The Militant
, July 14, 1972.

19
. Charles Herbert Stember,
Sexual Racism: The Emotional Barrier to an Integrated Society
(New York: Elsevier, 1976).

20
. Audre Lorde, “Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference,” in
Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches
, ed. Audre Lorde (Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press, 2007), 115.