Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (85 page)

17
. Nicholas Guyatt, “‘An Impossible Idea?’: The Curious Career of Internal Colonization,”
Journal of the Civil War Era
4, no. 2 (2014): 241–244.

18
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 59; Guyatt, “‘An Impossible Idea?’” 241–244; Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 320–321; Horace Greeley, “Gen. Sherman and the Negroes,”
New York Tribune
, January 30, 1865.

19
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 313, 317–320; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 572–576.

20
. Samuel Thomas, “To General Carl Schurz,” in
Senate Executive Documents for the First Session of the Thirty-Ninth Congress of the United States of America
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1866,) 81; General O. O. Howard,
Report of the Brevet Major General O. O. Howard, Commissioner Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, to the Secretary of War
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1869), 8; Josiah C. Nott, “The Problem of the Black Races,”
De Bow’s Review
, new ser., vol. 1 (1866): 266–270.

21
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 73.

22
. Ibid., 31, 67–68; Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 330–331.

23
. Terry Alford,
Fortune’s Fool: The Life of John Wilkes Booth
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 257.

24
. Blum and Harvey,
The Color of Christ
, 131.

25
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 67; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 196–197; Hans L. Trefousse,
Andrew Johnson: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 183; Clifton R. Hall,
Andrew Johnson: Military Governor of Tennessee
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1916), 102.

CHAPTER 19: RECONSTRUCTING SLAVERY

1
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 103–106, 110, 132–133, 138, 153–155, 198–205, 209–210, 215.

2
. Ibid., 235–237; “The Negro’s Claim to Office,”
The Nation
, August 1, 1867.

3
. James D. Anderson,
The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 6–7, 11–12.

4
. William Lloyd Garrison, “Official Proclamation,”
The Liberator
, December 22, 1865; William Lloyd Garrison, “Valedictory: The Last Number of the Liberator,”
The Liberator
, December 29, 1865.

5
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 594–603; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 180–181.

6
. Matt Wray and Annalee Newitz,
White Trash: Race and Class in America
(New York: Routledge, 1997), 2–3.

7
. Adam I. P. Smith,
No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 54–55; Andrew Johnson, “Veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill,” February 19, 1866,
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/veto-of-the-freedmens-bureau-bill/
.

8
. Andrew Johnson’s Veto of the Civil Rights Bill, March 27, 1866, America’s Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War,
www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section4/section4_10veto2.html
.

9
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 241–251; C. Vann Woodward,
American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), 168–171; Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History
, 130.

10
. Howard N. Rabinowitz,
Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865–1890
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 24–182; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 261–264.

11
. Wood,
Black Scare
, 120–123, 141–143.

12
. Text of Fourteenth Amendment, Cornell University Law School,
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv
.

13
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 255, 261.

14
. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds.,
History of Woman Suffrage, 1861–1876
, vol. 2 (Rochester, NY: Charles Mann, 1887), 188, 214; Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, “We Are All Bound Up Together,” in
Proceedings of the Eleventh Women’s Rights Convention
(New York: Robert J. Johnston, 1866); Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 65–67; Davis,
Women, Race & Class
, 64–65, 70–75, 80–81.

15
. Gerda Lerner, ed.,
Black Women in White America: A Documentary History
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 569–570.

16
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 253–271, 282–285, 288–291, 308–311.

17
. Paul D. Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor: A New History
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 24–26.

18
. Ibram H. Rogers,
The Black Campus Movement: Black Students and the Racial Reconstitution of Higher Education, 1965–1972
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 13–15; National Freedman’s Relief Association of New York Annual Report of 1865/66 (New York: Holman, 1866), 22; Anderson,
Education of Blacks in the South
, 28–63.

19
. Kathy Russell-Cole, Midge Wilson, and Ronald E. Hall,
The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1992), 26–29.

20
. Woodward,
American Counterpoint
, 172–176; Andrew Johnson, “Third Annual Message,” December 3, 1867, at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29508
.

21
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 340–345; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 211; Wood,
Black Scare
, 116–117, 120, 123–129.

22
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 446–447; Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind
, 185–186; Woodward,
American Counterpoint
, 177–179.

23
. Louise Michele Newman,
White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 65.

24
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 68–70; Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor
, 27–32; Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History
, 103–104.

25
. Davis,
Women, Race & Class
, 82–86; Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 67–71.

26
. Wood,
Black Scare
, 102.

CHAPTER 20: RECONSTRUCTING BLAME

1
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 613–614; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 448–449.

2
. William A. Sinclair,
The Aftermath of Slavery: A Study of the Condition and Environment of the American Negro
(Boston: Small, Maynard, 1905), 104.

3
. Wood,
Black Scare
, 143–153.

4
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 212–215; Woodward,
American Counterpoint
, 179–182.

5
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 316–331, 346–365, 379–390.

6
. Fionnghuala Sweeney,
Frederick Douglass and the Atlantic World
(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007), 175.

7
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 215–217.

8
. Henry Ward Beecher,
The Life of Jesus, the Christ
(New York: J. B. Ford, 1871), 134–137.

9
. Stetson Kennedy,
After Appomattox: How the South Won the War
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995), 220–221; Jack B. Scroggs, “Southern Reconstructions: A Radical View,” in
Reconstruction: An Anthology of Revisionist Writings
, ed. Kenneth M. Stampp and Leon F. Litwack (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969), 422–423; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 499–504.

10
. LeeAnna Keith,
The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008); Peter H. Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
(New York: Viking, 1999), 202–205.

11
. Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
, 197–201;
Slaughterhouse Cases
, 83 US 36, see
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/83/36
.

12
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 512–517, 525, 531–532, 537–539; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 219.

13
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 393–411, 536–538.

14
. Rabinowitz,
Race Relations in the Urban South
, 237–238, 243–248.

15
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 616; James S. Pike,
The Prostrate State: South Carolina Under Negro Government
(New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 12.

16
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 219–220; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 525–527, 554; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 151–153; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 615–616.

17
. Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
, 206–207; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 532–534, 563, 590.

18
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 565; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 617.

19
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 571–573; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 223–224.

20
. Mary Gibson,
Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology
, Italian and Italian American Studies (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 43–44, 249–250; Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
, 35–36; Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 79; Washington,
Medical Apartheid
, 247; Cesare Lombroso and William Ferrero,
The Female Offender
(New York: D. Appleton, 1895), 111–113.