Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (84 page)

2
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 424–425.

3
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 5, 11, 12, 31, 60–62.

4
. James Buchanan, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1857, at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25817
.

5
.
Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sanford
, March 6, 1857, Case Files 1792–1995, Record Group 267, Records of the Supreme Court of the United States, National Archives.

6
. Harding,
There Is a River
, 195, 202–204.

7
. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas,
Political Debates Between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, in the Celebrated Campaign of 1858, in Illinois
(Columbus, OH: Follett, Foster, 1860), 71, 154, 232, 241.

8
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 101–111.

9
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 474–477.

10
. Hinton Rowan Helper,
The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It
(New York: Burdick Brothers, 1857), 184.

11
. Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind
, 113–115.

12
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 178; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 494–507.

13
. William C. Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 277–279.

14
. Charles Darwin,
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
, 3rd ed. (London: J. Murray, 1861), 4, 6, 18, 24, 35, 413, 524.

15
. Richard Hofstadter,
Social Darwinism in American Thought
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), 5, 13, 22, 29, 31–41.

16
. Francis Galton,
Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences
(New York: D. Appleton, 1891), 338; Gossett,
Race
, 155–158.

17
. Carl N. Degler,
In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 59–61.

18
. Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
(New York: D. Appleton, 1872), 163, 192–193, 208.

19
. “Free Negro Rule,”
De Bow’s Review
3, no. 4 (1860): 440.

20
. “Review 2,”
De Bow’s Review
3, no. 4 (1860): 490–491; John Tyler Jr., “The Secession of the South,”
De Bow’s Review
3, no. 4 (1860): 367.

21
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 508–509; Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 139–142.

22
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 513–514; Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 269–276.

23
. Abraham Lincoln, “To John A. Gilmer,” in
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, vol. 4 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001), 152; Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 357–358; Bernard E. Powers Jr., “‘The Worst of All Barbarism’: Racial Anxiety and the Approach of Secession in the Palmetto State,”
South Carolina Historical Magazine
112, nos. 3–4 (2011): 152–156.

CHAPTER 17: HISTORY’S EMANCIPATOR

1
. “Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union,” The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp
; Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History
, 70–71; Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York: Perennial Classics, 2002), 25; Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 146–147; Myron O. Stachiw, “‘For the Sake of Commerce’: Slavery, Antislavery, and Northern Industry,” in
The Meaning of Slavery in the North
, ed. David Roediger and Martin H. Blatt (New York: Garland, 1998), 33–35.

2
. Abraham Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1861, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln1.asp
; Alexander H. Stephens, “‘Corner Stone’ Speech,” Teaching American History,
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/cornerstone-speech
.

3
. Connolly,
Slavery in American Children’s Literature
, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84; Bernath,
Confederate Minds
, 13; William C. Davis,
Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America
(New York: Free Press, 2002), 142–143.

4
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 525–526.

5
. See
Weekly Anglo-African
, April 27, 1861.

6
. Davis,
Look Away
, 142–143.

7
. Andrew Johnson, “Proclamation on the End of the Confederate Insurrection,” April 2, 1866, Miller Center, University of Virginia,
http://millercenter.org/president/johnson/speeches/proclamation-on-the-end-of-the-confederate-insurrection
; Washington,
Medical Apartheid
, 149–150.

8
. “The President’s Proclamation,”
New York Times
, September 26, 1862; Abraham Lincoln, “First Annual Message,” December 3, 1861, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29502
; William Lloyd Garrison, “To Oliver Johnson, December 6, 1861,”
The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison: Let the Oppressed Go Free, 1861–1867
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 47.

9
. Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 359–367; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 15–17.

10
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 215–220.

11
. Ibid., 221–227; William Lloyd Garrison, “The President on African Colonization,”
The Liberator
, August 22, 1862; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 531–539; Paul D. Escott, “
What Shall We Do with the Negro?” Lincoln, White Racism, and Civil War America
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009), 53–55; Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 277–278.

12
. Horace Greeley, “The Prayer of Twenty Millions,”
New York Tribune
, August 20, 1862.

13
. Abraham Lincoln, “A Letter from the President,”
National Intelligencer
, August 23, 1862.

14
. Abraham Lincoln, “Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation,” September 22, 1862, National Archives and Records Administration,
www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/transcript_preliminary_emancipation.html
.

15
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 227–232; Peter S. Field, “The Strange Career of Emerson and Race,”
American Nineteenth Century History
2, no. 1 (2001): 22–24; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 537–543.

16
. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Annual Message,” December 1, 1862, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, University of California at Santa Barbara,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29503
.

17
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 238–247; Escott, “
What Shall We Do with the Negro
”, 62–63.

18
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 544–547; Thomas,
The Liberator
, 419–420.

19
. Escott, “
What Shall We Do with the Negro
”, 62–64.

CHAPTER 18: READY FOR FREEDOM?

1
. Henry Villard,
Memoirs of Henry Villard, Journalist and Financier, 1863–1900
, 2 vols., vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1904), 14–24, 52–55.

2
. Escott, “
What Shall We Do with the Negro
”, 42–50; Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind
, 233–235.

3
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 52–53; James Brooks,
The Two Proclamations
(New York: Printed by Van Evrie, Horton, 1862), 6.

4
. Forrest G. Wood,
Black Scare: The Racist Response to Emancipation and Reconstruction
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), 40–52.

5
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 251.

6
. Orestes Augustus Brownson, “Abolition and Negro Equality,” in
The Works of Orestes A. Brownson
, vol. 17, ed. Henry F. Brownson (Detroit: Thorndike Nourse, 1885), 553.

7
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 258–260.

8
. Foner,
Reconstruction
, 35–37, 46–50, 63–64; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 562–563.

9
. William Lloyd Garrison, “To Oliver Johnson,” in
The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison: Let the Oppressed Go Free, 1861–1867
, vol. 10, ed. Walter M. Merrill (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 201.

10
. Abraham Lincoln, “Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore, Maryland,” in
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, 7:302–303.

11
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 275–277.

12
. Samuel G. Howe,
The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, Report to the Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission
(Boston: Wright and Potter, 1864), 1, 33; Robert Dale Owen,
The Wrong of Slavery: The Right of Emancipation, and the Future of the African Race in the United States
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1864), 219–222.

13
. Escott, “
What Shall We Do with the Negro
”, 73–93.

14
. William Lloyd Garrison, “To Francis W. Newman,” in
The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison
, 10:228–229.

15
. Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 302–311.

16
. “Account of a Meeting of Black Religious Leaders in Savannah, Georgia, with the Secretary of War and the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi,” in
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
, series 1, vol. 3, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 334–335.