Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (81 page)

15
. Ibid., 100, 239; Thomas Jefferson, “To General Chastellux, June 7, 1785,” in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 8:186.

16
. Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, xxvi, 144, 146, 175, 180.

17
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 88–89; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 188–189; Thomas Jefferson, “To Brissot de Warville, February 11, 1788,” in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 12:577–578.

18
. Fawn McKay Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 287–288; Constantin-Francois Volney,
Travels Through Syria and Egypt: The Years 1783, 1784, and 1785
, vol. 1 (London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1788), 80–83.

19
. Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 208.

20
. James Bowdoin, “A Philosophical Discourse Publickly Addressed to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,”
Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1 (1785): 8–9; John Morgan, “Some Account of a Motley Colored, or Pye Negro Girl and Mulatto Boy,”
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2 (1784): 393.

21
. Samuel Stanhope Smith,
An Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species: To Which Are Added Strictures on Lord Kaim’s Discourse, on the Original Diversity of Mankind
(Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1787), 17, 32, 58, 72, 111.

22
. Ayana D. Byrd and Lori L. Tharps,
Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), 19–21.

23
. Bruce R. Dain,
A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 43; Samuel Stanhope Smith,
Strictures on Lord Kaim’s Discourse, on the Original Diversity of Mankind
(Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1787), 2, 20.

24
. David O. Stewart,
The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), 68–81.

25
. Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History
, 47; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 50–66, 78, 80–81.

26
. Meacham, Thomas Jefferson, xxvi, 144, 146, 175, 180, 209–210.

27
. Ibid., 216–217.

28
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 90–93.

29
. Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 216–223.

30
. Ibid., 231–235, 239, 241, 249, 254.

CHAPTER 10: UPLIFT SUASION

1
. Aptheker,
Anti-Racism in U.S. History
, 15–16; Henry E. Baker, “Benjamin Banneker, the Negro Mathematician and Astronomer,”
Journal of Negro History
3 (1918): 104.

2
. Joanne Pope Melish, “The ‘Condition’ Debate and Racial Discourse in the Antebellum North,”
Journal of the Early Republic
19 (1999): 654–655, 661; Stewart,
Summer of 1787
, 25–27.

3
. Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History
, 56–57, 142–143; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 28–29.

4
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 447–449, 531.

5
. Benjamin Banneker, “To Thomas Jefferson, August 19, 1791,” in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 22:49–54.

6
. Thomas Jefferson, “To Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791,” in ibid., 97–98; Thomas Jefferson, “To Condorcet,” August 30, 1791,” in ibid., 98–99.

7
. C. L. R. James,
The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution
, 2nd ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1963), 88.

8
. Thomas Jefferson, “St. Domingue (Haiti),”
Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello
,
www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/st-domingue-haiti
.

9
. Leon F. Litwack,
North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 18–19; Melish, “‘Condition’ Debate,” 651–657, 661–665.

10
. Melish, “‘Condition’ Debate,” 660–661; Jones,
Dreadful Deceit
, 131.

11
. Gary B. Nash,
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 127–132.

12
. Bedini,
Thomas Jefferson
, 247–248; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 262–263, 275.

13
. Peter Kolchin,
American Slavery
, 1619–1877, rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2003), 94–96; Holt,
Children of Fire
, 125.

14
. Charles D. Martin,
The White African American Body: A Cultural and Literary Exploration
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 37; Jordan,
White over Black
, 533–534; Joanne Pope Melish,
Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780–1860
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 145.

15
. Bethencourt, Racisms, 167; Benjamin Rush,
The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1948), 307; Martin,
The White African American Body
, 19–24; Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 118–119.

16
. Benjamin Rush, “To Thomas Jefferson, February 4, 1797,” in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 29:284.

17
. Benjamin Rush, “Observations Intended to Favour a Supposition That the Black Color (as It Is Called) of the Negroes Is Derived from the Leprosy,”
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
4 (1799): 289–297.

18
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 502–503; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 299.

19
.
Richmond Recorder
, September 1, 1802.

20
. Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 378–380, 418–419, 454.

21
. Kimberly Wallace-Sanders,
Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 15–16.

22
. Larry E. Tise,
Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America, 1701–1840
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 36–37; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 348–350.

23
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 349, 368, 375, 379, 385, 401, 403, 410, 425.

24
. Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 386–387, 392.

25
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 531; Dain,
Hideous Monster
, 58–60.

26
. Wilder,
Ebony & Ivy
, 209; Charles White,
An Account of the Regular Gradation in Man, and in Different Animals and Vegetables; and from the Former to the Latter
(London, 1799), iii, 11–40, 61.

27
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 505–506, 531.

28
. Samuel Stanhope Smith,
An Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species
, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: J. Simpson, 1810), 33, 48, 93–95, 252–255, 265–269, 287–296, 302–305.

CHAPTER 11: BIG BOTTOMS

1
. Thomas Jefferson, “To Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, March 2, 1809,”
Founders Online
, National Archives,
http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9936
; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 428–432, 468; Bedini,
Thomas Jefferson
, 396–397.

2
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 442; Clement Clarke Moore,
Observations upon Certain Passages in Mr. Jefferson’s
Notes on Virginia (New York: 1804), 19–32; Bedini,
Thomas Jefferson
, 379–380, 416, 429–430.

3
. Henri Grégoire,
An Enquiry Concerning the Intellectual and Moral Faculties and Literature of Negroes. Followed with an Account of the Life and Works of Fifteen Negroes and Mulattoes Distinguished in Science, Literature, and the Arts
(College Park, MD: McGrath, 1967), 128, 131, 134, 155–157.

4
. Angela Y. Davis,
Women, Race & Class
(New York: Vintage Books, 1983), 7; Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 551–552, 568–572; Kolchin,
American Slavery
, 93–95; Thomas Jefferson, “To John W. Eppes, June 30, 1820,” in
Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book: With Commentary and Relevant Extracts from Other Writings
, ed. Edwin Morris Betts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953), 46.

5
. Holt,
Children of Fire
, 105; Jedidiah Morse,
A Discourse, Delivered at the African Meeting-House
(Boston: Lincoln and Edmands, 1808), 18.

6
. Thomas Jefferson “To Henri Grégoire, February 25, 1809,”
Founders Online
, National Archives,
http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9893
.

7
. Beverly Guy-Sheftall, “The Body Politic: Black Female Sexuality and the Nineteenth-Century Euro-American Imagination,” in
Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture
, ed. Kimerbly Wallace-Sanders (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 18.

8
. Clifton C. Crais and Pamela Scully,
Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A Ghost Story and a Biography
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 8–10, 24, 25, 37, 40, 50–57, 64, 66, 70, 71, 74, 78–81, 100, 101, 105, 107, 111–113, 124, 126–141.

9
. Barbara Krauthamer,
Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 17–23, 26, 32, 34–35.

10
. Herbert Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
(New York: International Publishers, 1963), 249–251; Daniel Rasmussen,
American Uprising: The Untold Story of America’s Largest Slave Revolt
(New York: Harper, 2011), 1–3.

11
. James Kirke Paulding,
Letters from the South by a Northern Man
, new ed., 2 vols., vol. 1 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1835), 96–98; Kolchin,
American Slavery
, 93–95.