Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (88 page)

23
. Ibid., 77–84, 118–128, 148–152.

24
. I. A. Newby,
Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 55; Gossett,
Race
, 407.

25
. Robert E. Park, “The Conflict and Fusion of Cultures with Special Reference to the Negro,”
Journal of Negro History
4, no. 2 (1919): 129–130; W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Gift of Black Folk: The Negro in the Making of America
(Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson, 1975), iv, 287, 320, 339.

CHAPTER 26: MEDIA SUASION

1
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Dubois, 1919–1963
, 153–159, 161–166; Alain Locke, “The New Negro,” in
The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance
, ed. Alain Locke (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 15.

2
. Rogers,
The Black Campus Movement
, 19, 23, 35–47.

3
. Valerie Boyd,
Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 116–119; Wallace Thurman,
The Blacker the Berry
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).

4
. Langston Hughes, “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,”
The Nation
, June 1926.

5
. David L. Lewis,
When Harlem Was in Vogue
(New York: Penguin, 1997), 180–189; W. E. B. Du Bois, “On Carl Van Vechten’s
Nigger Heaven
”, in
W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader
, 516; Carl Van Vechten,
Nigger Heaven
(Urbana: University of Illinois, 2000), 50.

6
. Van Vechten,
Nigger Heaven
, 89, 90.

7
. John Martin,
John Martin Book of the Dance
(New York: Tudor, 1963), 177–189.

8
. Wiggins,
Glory Bound
, 183–184.

9
. Angela Davis,
Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday
(New York: Vintage, 1998); Giles Oakley,
The Devil’s Music: A History of the Blues
(New York: Da Capo, 1976).

10
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 214–220.

11
. Donald Young, “Foreword,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
140 (1928): vii–viii.

12
. Thorsten Sellin, “The Negro Criminal: A Statistical Note,” in ibid., 52–64.

13
. Walter White, “The Color Line in Europe,” in ibid., 331.

14
. Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor
, 141–143; Johnson, “‘Death for Negro Lynching,’” 247–254; Hutchinson,
Blacks and Reds
, 29–40.

15
. Claude G. Bowers,
The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln
(Cambridge, MA: Riverside, 1929), vi.

16
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 320–324; W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction
, 700, 725; Roediger,
Wages of Whiteness
.

17
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 349–378.

18
. Ibid., 284–285; Vanessa H. May,
Unprotected Labor: Household Workers, Politics, and Middle-Class Reform in New York, 1870–1940
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 123.

19
. Washington,
Medical Apartheid
, 194–202; Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
, 148–151, 202; Roberts,
Killing the Black Body
, 72–86.

20
. Earnest Albert Hooton,
Up from the Ape
(New York: Macmillan, 1931), 593–594.

21
. Roberts,
Fatal Invention
, 85–87; Elazar Barkan,
The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 100–108.

22
. Lott,
The Invention of Race
, 10–13; “Monster Ape Pack Thrills in New Talkie,”
Chicago Tribune
, April 23, 1933; Blum and Harvey,
The Color of Christ
, 186–188.

23
. González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 250–254; Melissa V. Harris-Perry,
Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 88.

CHAPTER 27: OLD DEAL

1
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 256–265, 299–301, 306–311.

2
. Ibid., 310–311; Davis,
Women, Race & Class
, 69; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Marxism and the Negro Problem,”
The Crisis
, May 1933; Du Bois,
Dusk of Dawn
, 103.

3
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 295–297, 300–314; Anderson,
The Education of Blacks in the South
, 276–277; Carter G. Woodson,
The Miseducation of the Negro
(Mineola, NY: Dover, 2005), 55.

4
. Robin D. G. Kelley,
Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 107–109, 116.

5
. Jacqueline Jones,
American Work: Four Centuries of Black and White Labor
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 344.

6
. Katznelson,
When Affirmative Action Was White
, 36–61.

7
. Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
, 167.

8
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “On Being Ashamed,”
The Crisis
, September 1933; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Pan-Africa and New Racial Philosophy,”
The Crisis
, November 1933; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Segregation,”
The Crisis
, January 1934.

9
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “A Free Forum,”
The Crisis
, February 1934.

10
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Segregation in the North,”
The Crisis
, April 1934; Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 330–331, 335–349.

11
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 395–396.

12
. Chris Mead,
Joe Louis: Black Champion in White America
(Mineola, NY: Dover, 1985), 68.

13
. “Adolf Hitler, Jesse Owens, and the Olympics Myth of 1936,” History News Network, July 8, 2002,
http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/571
; M. Dyreson, “American Ideas About Race and Olympic Races in the Era of Jesse Owens: Shattering Myths of Reinforcing Scientific Racism?,”
International Journal of the History of Sport
25, no. 2 (2008): 251–253.

14
. Dean Cromwell and Al Wesson,
Championship Techniques in Track and Field
(New York: Whittlesey House, 1941), 6; W. Montague Cobb, “Race and Runners,”
Journal of Health and Physical Education
7 (1936): 3–7, 52–56; Patrick B. Miller, “The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement,”
Journal of Sport History
25, no. 1 (1998): 126–135.

15
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 422–423; Robert L. Fleeger, “Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism, 1938–1947,”
Journal of Mississippi History
68, no. 1 (2006): 8–11; Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
, 203–204.

16
. Ruth Benedict,
Race: Science and Politics
(New York: Viking, 1940), v–vi.

17
. W. E. B. Du Bois, ed.,
The Negro American Family
(Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1908), 41; E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro Family in the United States
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), xix.

18
. Frazier,
Negro Family
, 41, 331, 355, 487–488.

19
. Russell-Cole et al.,
The Color Complex
, 51–54, 66; Byrd and Tharps,
Hair Story
, 44–47; Malcolm X and Alex Haley,
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
(New York: Ballantine Book, 1999), 55–57.

20
. Guerrero,
Framing Blackness
, 17–31.

21
. Harris-Perry,
Sister Citizen
, 76–77; Patricia Morton,
Disfigured Images: The Historical Assault on Afro-American Women
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1991), 6–7.

22
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 471–472; Richard Wright,
Black Boy
(New York: HarperPerennial, 1998), 37.

23
. Richard H. King,
Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals: 1940–1970
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 139; Melville J. Herskovits,
The Myth of the Negro Past
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1990), 1, 298.

24
. Zora Neale Hurston,
Mules and Men
(New York: HarperPerennial, 2008).

25
. Zora Neale Hurston,
Their Eyes Were Watching God: A Novel
(New York: Perennial Library, 1990), 14, 98–99, 144–145.

26
. Mary Helen Washington, “Foreword,” in ibid., ix–xvii; Ralph Thompson, “Books of the Times,”
New York Times
, October 6, 1937; Sheila Hibben, “Book Review,”
New York Herald Tribune
, September 26, 1937.

27
. Zora Neale Hurston, “How It Feels to Be Colored Me,”
World Tomorrow
, May 1928.

28
. Washington, “Foreword,” ix–xvii.

29
. King,
Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals
, 138–144.

30
. Boyd,
Wrapped in Rainbows
, 345; James Baldwin, “Everybody’s Protest Novel,”
Partisan Review
16 (1949): 578–585.

CHAPTER 28: FREEDOM BRAND

1
. Jerry Gershenhorn,
Melville J. Herskovits and the Racial Politics of Knowledge
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 142–152; Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 435–436.

2
. Ibid., 448–449.

3
. Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
, vol. 1 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), 48.