Statistics for Dummies (55 page)
Index
Index
E
Ecstasy study,
278
278
estimation
about,
191-192
191-192
average consumer expenses,
165-166
165-166
confidence interval,
194
194
with confidence interval, parameter,
198
198
interpretation of results with confidence,
194-195
194-195
parameter links,
193-194
193-194
parameters,
194
194
probability,
128
128
statistical terms,
53-54
53-54
validity of sources,
192-193
192-193
ethical issues,
269
269
ethnicity trends, U.S.,
71
71
event probability,
134
134
exaggerations,
22
22
Excite,
266
266
expectations, quality control,
297-299
297-299
expected values,
138
138
experiments
about,
267
267
accuracy,
271
271
cause and effect,
268-269
268-269
choosing subjects,
271-272
271-272
control for confounding variables,
274-275
274-275
control groups,
274-275
274-275
data analysis,
277
277
data collection,
276-277
276-277
definition of sample size,
271
271
design,
269-270
269-270
double-blind,
275-276
275-276
drawing appropriate conclusions,
278-279
278-279
ethical issues,
269
269
generalizing results,
279
279
informed decisions about,
279-280
279-280
observational studies versus,
268
268
overstating results,
278-279
278-279
randomly assigning subjects to groups,
272-273
272-273
sample size,
270-271
270-271
statistical terms,
51-52
51-52
explanatory variable,
294
294
Index
F
fake data,
36
36
false alarms, type-1 errors,
227
227
fast food,
37
37
favoritism,
44-45
44-45
FBI Uniform Crime Reports,
333
333
fine print versus headlines,
32
32
formulas
accuracy of survey,
314
314
best-fitting line,
292-293
292-293
comparing two population averages,
240-242
240-242
comparing two population proportions,
245-247
245-247
confidence interval development,
208-210
208-210
confidence interval for the population mean,
205-206
205-206
confidence interval for the population proportion,
207-208
207-208
difference of two proportions,
210-212
210-212
margin of error,
179-184
179-184
margin of error with sample mean,
201
201
regression line,
292-293
292-293
standard deviation,
48
48
testing for an average difference (paired data),
242-245
242-245
testing one population mean,
238-239
238-239
testing one population proportion,
239-240
239-240
free throw percentages, NBA,
126
126
freedom, degrees of,
232-235
232-235
frequency of each group,
89
89
Index
G
The Gallup Organization
claims response,
216
216
Internet surveys,
43
43
malpractice insurance study,
33
33
Web site,
333
333
gambling
about,
131
131
casino business,
131-132
131-132
50-50 chances,
133-134
133-134
lottery winning numbers,
135
135
sex of baby prediction,
137-138
137-138
slot machines,
138-139
138-139
gaming boundaries,
132
132
gaming industry,
132
132
gender information survey,
99-100
99-100
glaucoma treatment,
281
281
goal of surveys,
319
319
guesstimate,
194
194
Index
H
headlines versus fine print,
32
32
health surfing on Web,
338
338
high response rate,
35
35
histograms
crawling baby distance,
93-95
93-95
evaluation,
95
95
interpretation,
95
95
misleading,
92
92
mothers' ages,
89-92
89-92
variability,
92
92
HIV study,
273
273
homeless people survey,
315
315
horizontal axis,
88
88
horoscopes,
17
17
house-to-house interviews,
315
315
household income, U.S.,
112
112
households, Columbus, Ohio,
123
123
human nature,
127
127
hypothesis,
237
237
hypothesis testing
alternative to,
220
220
comparing two population averages,
240-242
240-242
comparing two population proportions,
245-247
245-247
conclusions,
228
228
defined,
219
219
errors in testing,
226-228
226-228
evidence compiling,
222
222
evidence gathering,
221
221
evidence standardizing,
222-223
222-223
identification,
220-221
220-221
other types,
230-231
230-231
set up,
220-221
220-221
statistical terms,
55-57
55-57
steps to,
229-236
229-236
t-distribution,
231-236
231-236
test statistic,
223
223
testing for an average difference (paired data),
242-245
242-245
testing one population mean,
238-239
238-239
testing one population proportion,
239-240
239-240
Index
I
incentives for surveys,
314
314
income, household, U.S.,
112
112
informed decisions about experiments,
279-280
279-280
Internet viruses,
10
10
interpretation
histograms,
95
95
percentiles,
112-113
112-113
probability,
124
124
results of surveys,
264-266
264-266
results with confidence,
194-195
194-195
standard deviation,
107-108
107-108
interval,
194
194
intuition, probability and,
133
133
investor optimism,
338
338
Index
Index
L
land development,
12
12
large sample size,
314
314
Lewinsky, Monica,
316
316
lifespan study,
278-279
278-279
light-drinking benefits,
281
281
limitations, margin of error,
186-187
186-187
line graphs,
62
62
links,
281-282
281-282
loan rates,
14
14
long-term behavior,
127
127
long-term probability,
125
125
loose slot machines,
138
138
Los Angeles Lakers players' salaries,
102-104
102-104
lottery tickets,
135-137
135-137
lower control limit (LCL),
300
300
Index
M
mail surveys,
315
315
man-on-the-street surveys,
315
315
margin of error
accuracy,
183-184
183-184
calculating for sample average,
182-183
182-183
calculating for sample proportion,
180
180
formula,
179-184
179-184
impact of sample size,
184-185
184-185
importance,
182
182
limitations,
186-187
186-187
quality of sample,
186
186
reporting results,
182
182
standard errors,
180
180
U.S. Census Bureau,
193-194
193-194
marginal result,
247
247
marijuana for cancer therapy study,
271
271
math and statistics,
3
3
mathematical errors,
22-24
22-24
measurement data,
45
45
media
about,
9-10
9-10
business news,
14
14
horoscopes,
17
17
Internet viruses,
10
10
land development,
12
12
malpractice insurance,
11
11
motorcycle fatalities,
10-11
10-11
movies,
16-17
16-17
popcorn and cancer,
10
10
school proficiency,
12
12
sex and statistics,
15
15
source of information,
21
21
sports,
13-14
13-14
tests for product claims,
217
217
travel news,
14-15
14-15
weather,
15-16
15-16
medical experiments,
267
267
medical science,
31
31
medical treatments,
128-129
128-129
memory, probability and,
127
127
missed detection errors,
227-228
227-228
missing data,
36
36
models and simulations, probability,
122-124
122-124
mothers' ages study,
90-92
90-92
mothers in workforce study,
73
73
motorcycle fatalities study,
10-11
10-11
movies,
16-17
16-17
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