Statistics for Dummies (55 page)

Read Statistics for Dummies Online

Authors: Deborah Jean Rumsey

Tags: #Non-Fiction, #Reference

BOOK: Statistics for Dummies
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Index
D
data
analysis,
277
defined,
2
displays,
61-62
quality,
203
reliable,
276
statistical terms,
45
valid data,
277
data fishing,
37
data sets
about,
46
center,
101-105
comparison,
109
range,
110
variation,
105-110
datum,
45
decisions
about experiments,
279-280
process,
128-129
degrees of freedom,
232-235
Deming, W. Edwards,
299
,
340
design
experiments,
269-270
of questions in surveys,
259
dice, probability,
120-122
display, bivariate categorical data,
285-287
distance from mean,
109
distributions,
144
dosing mechanism,
299
double-blind studies,
52
,
275-276
Dr. Ruth,
15
drug ads,
246
drugs regulation,
218

 

Index
E
Ecstasy study,
278
empirical rule
bell-shaped curve,
148-150
for standard errors,
164-165
errors
of omission,
22
statistical,
22
errors in testing
claims,
226-228
false alarms, type-1 errors,
227
type-2 errors,
227-228
estimation
about,
191-192
average consumer expenses,
165-166
confidence interval,
194
with confidence interval, parameter,
198
interpretation of results with confidence,
194-195
parameter links,
193-194
parameters,
194
probability,
128
statistical terms,
53-54
validity of sources,
192-193
ethical issues,
269
ethnicity trends, U.S.,
71
event probability,
134
evidence
compiling,
222
gathering,
221
standardizing,
222-223
weighing,
223-226
exaggerations,
22
Excite,
266
expectations, quality control,
297-299
expected values,
138
experiments
about,
267
accuracy,
271
cause and effect,
268-269
choosing subjects,
271-272
control for confounding variables,
274-275
control groups,
274-275
data analysis,
277
data collection,
276-277
definition of sample size,
271
design,
269-270
double-blind,
275-276
drawing appropriate conclusions,
278-279
ethical issues,
269
generalizing results,
279
informed decisions about,
279-280
observational studies versus,
268
overstating results,
278-279
randomly assigning subjects to groups,
272-273
sample size,
270-271
statistical terms,
51-52
explanatory variable,
294

 

Index
F
fair coin,
124
,
138
fake data,
36
false alarms, type-1 errors,
227
Family Feud
,
252
fast food,
37
favoritism,
44-45
FBI Uniform Crime Reports,
333
50-50 chances
gambling,
133-134
probability,
125-126
fine print versus headlines,
32
Florida lottery
pie charts,
65
,
68
Web site,
334
follow-up on surveys,
262
,
314-315
formulas
accuracy of survey,
314
best-fitting line,
292-293
comparing two population averages,
240-242
comparing two population proportions,
245-247
confidence interval development,
208-210
confidence interval for the population mean,
205-206
confidence interval for the population proportion,
207-208
difference of two proportions,
210-212
margin of error,
179-184
margin of error with sample mean,
201
regression line,
292-293
standard deviation,
48
testing for an average difference (paired data),
242-245
testing one population mean,
238-239
testing one population proportion,
239-240
free throw percentages, NBA,
126
freedom, degrees of,
232-235
frequency of each group,
89

 

Index
G
The Gallup Organization
about,
252
,
313
,
315
claims response,
216
Internet surveys,
43
malpractice insurance study,
33
margin of error,
178-179
,
182
,
187
surveys,
261
,
263
Web site,
333
gambling
about,
131
casino business,
131-132
50-50 chances,
133-134
lottery winning numbers,
135
sex of baby prediction,
137-138
slot machines,
138-139
gaming boundaries,
132
gaming industry,
132
Garden Gate
,
282
gender information survey,
99-100
generalizations
about,
129
results of experiments,
279
glaucoma treatment,
281
goal of surveys,
319
Good Housekeeping Institute,
217
,
337
graphs
about,
61
misleading,
321
guesstimate,
194

 

Index
H
The Harris Poll,
252
,
337
headlines versus fine print,
32
health surfing on Web,
338
high response rate,
35
histograms
about,
62
,
86-89
,
104
,
112
crawling baby distance,
93-95
evaluation,
95
interpretation,
95
misleading,
92
mothers' ages,
89-92
variability,
92
HIV study,
273
homeless people survey,
315
horizontal axis,
88
horoscopes,
17
house-to-house interviews,
315
household income, U.S.,
112
households, Columbus, Ohio,
123
human nature,
127
hypothesis,
237
hypothesis testing
about,
237
,
277
alternative to,
220
comparing two population averages,
240-242
comparing two population proportions,
245-247
conclusions,
228
defined,
219
errors in testing,
226-228
evidence compiling,
222
evidence gathering,
221
evidence standardizing,
222-223
identification,
220-221
other types,
230-231
set up,
220-221
statistical terms,
55-57
steps to,
229-236
t-distribution,
231-236
test statistic,
223
testing for an average difference (paired data),
242-245
testing one population mean,
238-239
testing one population proportion,
239-240

 

Index
I
incentives for surveys,
314
income, household, U.S.,
112
individuals
selected to participate in survey,
2
who responded to survey,
2
informed decisions about experiments,
279-280
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash tests,
216
,
337
Internal Revenue Service
about,
68
,
70
tax return statistics,
80-81
Web site,
334
Internet surveys
about,
43
,
314
dating,
337
Internet viruses,
10
interpretation
histograms,
95
percentiles,
112-113
probability,
124
results of surveys,
264-266
results with confidence,
194-195
standard deviation,
107-108
interval,
194
intuition, probability and,
133
investor optimism,
338

 

Index
J
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
,
263
Journal of the American Medical Association
,
333
journalists, standard deviation and,
109
jury trials, hypothesis testing,
221

 

Index
K
Kansas Lottery,
28
,
333

 

Index
L
The Lancet
,
333
land development,
12
large sample size,
314
law of averages,
55
,
138
leading questions,
259
,
316-317
Lewinsky, Monica,
316
lies survey,
22
,
263
,
338
lifespan study,
278-279
light bulbs, lifetime,
145
,
150
light-drinking benefits,
281
limitations, margin of error,
186-187
line graphs,
62
links,
281-282
loan rates,
14
long-term behavior,
127
long-term probability,
125
loose slot machines,
138
Los Angeles Lakers players' salaries,
102-104
lotteries
about,
28-31
,
118
probability,
125
state,
64-68
winning,
12
winning numbers,
135
lottery tickets,
135-137
lower control limit (LCL),
300

 

Index
M
mail surveys,
315
malpractice insurance study,
11
,
32-33
man-on-the-street surveys,
315
manufacturing quality control,
44
,
129
margin of error
accuracy,
183-184
calculating for sample average,
182-183
calculating for sample proportion,
180
formula,
179-184
The Gallup Organization,
178-179
,
182
,
187
impact of sample size,
184-185
importance,
182
limitations,
186-187
quality of sample,
186
reporting results,
182
standard errors,
180
U.S. Census Bureau,
193-194
marginal result,
247
marijuana for cancer therapy study,
271
math and statistics,
3
mathematical errors,
22-24
mean
about,
46-47
,
103
distance from,
109
versus median,
104-105
standard deviation,
108
mean of population,
μ
,
146
measurement data,
45
media
about,
9-10
business news,
14
horoscopes,
17
Internet viruses,
10
land development,
12
malpractice insurance,
11
motorcycle fatalities,
10-11
movies,
16-17
popcorn and cancer,
10
school proficiency,
12
sex and statistics,
15
source of information,
21
sports,
13-14
tests for product claims,
217
travel news,
14-15
weather,
15-16
median household income,
193-194
,
336
median
about,
47
of data set,
103
versus mean,
104-105
medical experiments,
267
medical science,
31
medical treatments,
128-129
memory, probability and,
127
Michigan lottery
pie charts,
67
Web site,
334
misleading statistics
about,
24
charts and graphs,
28-31
crime statistics,
24-27
impact,
36-37
missed detection errors,
227-228
missing data,
36
models and simulations, probability,
122-124
mothers' ages study,
90-92
mothers in workforce study,
73
motorcycle fatalities study,
10-11
movies,
16-17

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