Statistics for Dummies (56 page)
Index
N
narrow confidence interval,
201
201
National Cancer Institute,
338
338
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHSTA),
11
11
National Institute for Drug Abuse study,
278
278
National Rifle Association,
337
337
National Weather Service Forecast Office,
282
282
negative inverse relationship,
285
285
negative linear relationship,
285
285
negative numbers,
108
108
negative standard score,
154
154
New York schools' revenue,
69
69
newborn deliveries survey,
17-18
17-18
news organizations as source of surveys,
252
252
non-random sampling,
44
44
non-response survey criteria,
314-315
314-315
Index
O
observational studies versus experiments,
268
268
office e-mail,
37
37
Ohio State University Medical Center,
283
283
older mothers study,
274
274
O'Neal, Shaquille,
101-103
101-103
organization of data in survey,
265
265
original sources of statistical information,
21
21
outright deception,
34-36
34-36
over measure results,
276
276
overstatement of results,
278-279
278-279
Index
P
pain survey,
338
338
paired data,
242-245
242-245
paired differences,
243
243
paper towels absorbency study,
241-242
241-242
parks, allow dogs,
314-315
314-315
participation in surveys,
319
319
payouts in gambling games,
122
122
percentiles
calculation,
111
111
interpretation,
112-113
112-113
results,
156-159
156-159
from standard normal distribution,
157
157
versus totals,
77-80
77-80
personal life, probability,
118
118
personnel, trained,
318-319
318-319
pets,
37
37
photographers,
18
18
physician's study,
32-33
32-33
pickup truck survey,
197-198
197-198
pie charts
about,
62
62
accuracy,
65
65
consumer expenditures,
63
63
evaluation,
71
71
Michigan lottery,
67
67
New York lottery,
67-68
67-68
population trends,
70-71
70-71
state lotteries,
63-68
63-68
tax money spent,
68-70
68-70
top ten state lotteries,
66
66
pilot study,
318
318
pizza store statistics,
18
18
placement scores,
155-156
155-156
plural births time charts,
84-85
84-85
political candidates,
33-34
33-34
pollsters,
252
252
popcorn and cancer,
10
10
population
by age and gender,
99-100
99-100
estimates by state,
86-88
86-88
hypothesis tests,
219
219
pie charts,
70-71
70-71
projections,
128
128
sample results variability,
175-176
175-176
in statistical terms,
42
42
variability, confidence intervals,
203
203
positive linear relationship,
285
285
positive proportional relationship,
285
285
positive standard score,
154
154
Powerball lottery,
135-137
135-137
predictions
about,
291
291
with correlated data,
292-295
292-295
probability,
128
128
two associated categorical variables,
296
296
presidential elections,
40-41
40-41
probability
about,
117-119
117-119
decision-making process,
128-129
128-129
dice,
120-122
120-122
estimation,
128
128
50-50 outcomes,
125-126
125-126
interpretation,
124
124
long or short term,
125
125
long-term behavior,
138
138
models,
121-122
121-122
models and simulations,
122-124
122-124
versus odds,
54-55
54-55
outcomes,
119-120
119-120
payouts in gambling games,
122
122
in personal life,
118
118
quality control,
129
129
random process,
119
119
rare events,
126-127
126-127
rule,
55
55
rules,
119-120
119-120
statistics and,
127-129
127-129
sum,
120
120
in work place,
118-119
118-119
process monitoring,
305-307
305-307
professional organizations,
252
252
properties, standard scores,
154-155
154-155
Index
Index
R
random assignment of subjects to groups,
272-273
272-273
random chance,
126
126
random digit dialing (RDD),
44
44
random process,
119
119
random sequences of outcomes,
127
127
range of data set,
110
110
rare events, probability,
126-127
126-127
ratios,
26
26
reading scores for computer game,
242-245
242-245
regression analysis,
277
277
regression line formula,
292-293
292-293
relative frequency of each group,
89
89
relative standing
bell-shaped curve,
143-150
143-150
calculating standard score,
153
153
converting to standard score,
151-156
151-156
individual results,
143
143
report with percentiles,
111
111
standard deviation,
151-153
151-153
reliable data,
276
276
report with percentiles,
111
111
research hypothesis,
219
219
response bias,
262
262
response to survey, individuals,
2
2
response variable,
294
294
riding with drunk drivers survey,
338
338
round-off errors,
183
183
Ruth, Dr.,
15
15
Index
S
saddle point,
146-147
146-147
salaries of NBA players,
102-103
102-103
sample results variability
about,
161-163
161-163
ACT math scores,
167-171
167-171
margin of error formula,
179-180
179-180
population variability,
175-176
175-176
sample size,
174-175
174-175
sampling distributions,
164
164
sample selection surveys,
260-261
260-261
sample size
confidence interval,
201-203
201-203
experiments,
270-271
270-271
large enough,
313-314
313-314
margin of error,
184-185
184-185
TV show testing of products,
217-218
217-218
worst examples,
32
32
samples
calculating for margin of error,
182-183
182-183
data,
46
46
large enough,
261
261
matches target population,
312
312
proportion,
207
207
selected individuals,
178
178
statistical terms,
42-43
42-43
sampling distributions,
164
164
sampling frame,
312
312
scatterplots,
284-285
284-285
school proficiency,
12
12
scientific method,
39-41
39-41
scientific research,
218
218
scientific survey,
266
266
sedentary activities,
281
281
sex and statistics,
15
15
shape of data,
90
90
short-term behavior,
127
127
short-term probability,
125
125
skepticism,
21
21
slope, best-fitting line,
293
293
small samples,
231-236
231-236
sources of book,
333-340
333-340
sources of information for graph or chart,
31
31
special interest groups,
252
252
sports betting,
16
16
sports statistics,
13-14
13-14
standard deviations
bell-shaped curve,
146
146
bias,
107
107
calculation,
106-107
106-107
defined,
106
106
interpretation,
107-108
107-108
mean and,
108
108
need for,
109
109
population,
203
203
properties,
108-109
108-109
relative standing,
151-153
151-153
sample results variability measure,
163
163
standard errors
about,
304
304
consumer expenses,
163-164
163-164
empirical rule for,
164-165
164-165
margin of error,
180
180
sample results variability measure,
163
163
standard scores
comparison,
155-156
155-156
hypothesis testing,
223
223
percentiles from standard normal distribution,
157
157
properties,
154-155
154-155
statistical terms,
49
49
of zero,
154
154
state lotteries,
63-68
63-68
statistic,
46
46
statistical analysis,
277
277
statistical process control (SPC),
299
299
statistical terms
about,
41
41
bell-shaped curve,
49-50
49-50
bias,
44-45
44-45
correlation and causation,
57-58
57-58
data,
45
45
data set,
45-46
45-46
estimation,
53-54
53-54
experiments,
51-52
51-52
hypothesis testing,
55-57
55-57
law of averages,
55
55
mean or average,
46-47
46-47
median,
47
47
normal distribution,
49-50
49-50
percentile,
48
48
population,
42
42
probability versus odds,
54-55
54-55
random sample,
43-44
43-44
sample,
42-43
42-43
standard deviation,
47-48
47-48
standard score,
49
49
statistic,
46
46
surveys or polls,
52
52
statistics
about,
1
1
abuse,
22-36
22-36
dual use of word,
2
2
everyday life and,
9
9
math and,
3
3
media and,
9-17
9-17
probability and,
127-129
127-129
statistics at work
about,
17
17
newborn deliveries,
17-18
17-18
office of statistics,
19
19
photographers,
18
18
pizza stores,
18
18
steer survey,
313
313
Sterling, Mary Jane,
2
2
stock market,
14
14
subjects, experiments,
271-272
271-272
sum, probability,
120
120
summarized categorical data,
98-101
98-101
summarized data,
97-98
97-98
Super Bowl betting,
16
16
Super Lotto,
12
12
survey criteria
about,
311
311
answers original question,
319
319
good follow-up,
314-315
314-315
leading questions,
316-317
316-317
non-response,
314-315
314-315
personnel are trained,
318-319
318-319
questions are well-worded,
316-317
316-317
sample is randomly selected,
313
313
sample matches target population,
312
312
sample size is large enough,
313-314
313-314
target population is well-defined,
311-312
311-312
timing,
317
317
type of survey,
315-316
315-316
surveys
carrying out,
261-264
261-264
conclusions,
265-266
265-266
define target population,
258
258
design of questions,
259
259
detection of problems,
264-266
264-266
follow up,
262
262
hot topics,
253-254
253-254
impact on lives,
254-256
254-256
incentives for,
314
314
individuals selected to participate in survey,
2
2
Internet surveys,
43
43
interpretation of results,
264-266
264-266
participation,
319
319
plan and design,
257-261
257-261
purpose,
257-258
257-258
sample selection,
260-261
260-261
studying,
13
13
target population,
257
257
timing,
259-260
259-260
type,
315-316
315-316
type selection,
258
258
systematic error,
302
302
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