Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (50 page)

Post, John,
62

potatoes,
61
,
176
,
180
–
81
,
192
,
194
–
95

Poussin, Nicolas,
232
–
33

poverty: America and,
218
,
226
; Association for the Suppression of Mendicity and,
191
–
92
; beggars and,
9
,
59
,
61
,
63
–
65
,
172
,
188
–
93
,
225
; Carleton’s writings and,
173
–
74
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
184
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
192
,
194
–
95
,
196
; homelessness and,
66
,
171
,
182
,
189
,
234
; Ireland and,
172
,
176
,
179
–
80
,
186
–
87
,
191
; Irish landlords and,
173
,
185
; panic of 1819 and,
216
–
26
; Poor Employment Act and,
197
; Sumbawa and,
25
; Yunnan and,
107

precipitation patterns,
49
,
217

prices,
27
; bread,
9
,
61
–
62
; carbon waste and,
226
; commodity,
179
,
227
; cotton,
221
; flour,
220
–
21
; grain,
10
,
63
,
110
,
155
,
179
–
80
,
197
–
98
,
221
,
222
,
224
; land,
219
; rice,
9
,
105
,
111
; slavery and,
23
; transatlantic trade and,
64
,
138
,
210
,
217
,
222
,
224
,
226
,
228
,
237n5

Pride and Prejudice
(Austen),
95

Prussia,
197

pumice,
17
,
21
–
22
,
33

pyroclastic flows,
18
–
20
,
22
,
170

Qing dynasty,
100
,
101
,
105
–
13
,
117
,
120

Quarterly Review
,
124
–
25
,
129
–
30
,
133
,
142
,
146
–
47

Queen Mab
(P. B. Shelley),
130
,
210

Raffles, Stamford,
37
,
63
,
239n11
; as colonial anthropologist,
29
; East India Company and,
29
–
30
; famine aid and,
30
–
31
; Java and,
27
–
32
,
62
,
240n33
; as “philosopher king,”
27
–
32
; Singapore and,
24
; slavery and,
23
–
24
,
239n21

Raffles, Thomas,
62

railroads,
229

raja of Sanggar,
13
–
20

refugees: climate change and,
216
,
218
; famine and,
63
–
64
,
98
,
185
,
187
–
89
;
Frankenstein
and,
64
–
66

Reign of Terror,
35

Rhône (River),
164

rice,
9
–
10
; Bengal and,
82
,
90
; selling humans for,
23
; Yunnan and,
71
,
99
,
101
–
5
,
107
–
11
,
113
,
119

Ring of Fire,
8

Riot Act,
61

riots: disease and,
94
; famine and,
9
–
10
,
61
–
62
,
193
–
94
; in Ireland,
193
; Lord Liverpool’s response to,
62
; Pentrich Revolution and,
61
–
62

Robertson, William,
210

Robespierre,
35

Robock, Alan,
40
–
41

Romanticism,
33
–
34
,
35
,
76
–
77
,
95
,
156
,
169

Ross, John,
126
,
131
–
33
,
141
–
42
,
148
,
233

Royal Navy,
20
; Arctic and,
121
–
34
,
141
–
51
; Barrow and,
121
–
34
,
141
–
51
; Buchan and,
126
,
131
,
133
,
141
,
144
; Franklin and,
131
–
32
,
144
–
49
,
233
; Lord Melville and,
128
; Nelson and,
128
–
29
,
144
; northwest passage and,
123
,
125
,
127
–
29
,
132
–
34
,
142
,
144
–
46
,
148
–
49
; O’Reilly and,
134
; Parry and,
131
–
32
,
142
–
48
; Ross and,
126
,
131
–
33
,
141
–
42
,
148
,
233

Royal Society,
121
,
128
,
132

Russell, Lord John,
173
–
74

Russell, Ken,
51

Russia,
48
; agriculture and,
10
,
63
,
198
; Arctic and,
128
,
232
; Bering Strait and,
128
; cholera and,
86
,
92
; grain and,
63
,
198
; immigrants and,
64
; northeast passage and,
128
; typhus and,
183
; von Kotzebue and,
128
,
131
,
141
,
183

rye,
203
,
222

Saint Helens, Mount,
8
,
43

St. John Crèvecoeur,
212

St. John’s Chapel,
51

Sanggar Peninsula,
7
,
13
–
24
,
170
; raja of,
13
–
20

Santorini,
44

Schoolcraft, Henry,
219

Scoresby, William:
An Account of the Arctic Regions
and,
126
,
135
,
136
; Arctic and,
125
,
126
,
127
–
28
,
131
–
38
,
258n5
; Marine Diver of,
135
–
38
; polar ice treatise of,
125
; snubbed by Barrow,
126
; whaling and,
125
,
127
,
135

Scotland,
37
,
56
,
62
,
88
,
172

Scott, Robert,
149

Sen, Amartya,
190

Shakespeare, William,
72
,
123

sharif
crop,
81

Shelley, Mary,
47
; Alps tour and,
45
–
46
,
151
–
59
,
169
–
70
,
206
; Arctic and,
124
–
25
,
131
,
134
,
146
–
48
; Barrow and,
124
–
25
,
131
,
146
–
47
; Bath and,
116
; biographers’ depictions of,
65
; Byron and,
46
,
52
,
54
,
66
,
69
; de Staël and,
34
;
Frankenstein
and,
9
,
45
,
52
–
55
,
59
,
65
–
67
,
95
–
96
,
125
,
142
,
146
–
49
,
156
–
57
,
170
,
195
,
197
,
210
,
234
; ghost story contest and,
51
,
57
,
156
; Hunt and,
124
–
25
;
The Last Man
and,
95
–
96
; literary friends of,
9
,
51
,
55
; Pompeii and,
33
–
34
,
37
; reading Buffon,
210
; sisters of,
115
; Switzerland and,
45
–
46
,
51
–
52
,
54
–
55
,
57
,
62
,
151
; Walton character and,
147

Shelley, Percy Bysshe,
9
,
47
; Alps tour and,
45
–
46
,
151
–
59
,
169
–
70
,
206
; beggar children and,
65
; Byron and,
9
; death of,
77
,
95
; de Staël and,
34
; Fanny Godwin and,
116
; ghost story contest and,
51
,
57
,
156
; global warming and,
130
; Medwin and,
76
; “Mont Blanc” and,
153
–
55
,
157
,
169
–
71
; near drowning of,
53
; Peacock and,
33
,
153
; poetry of as “satanic,”
139
; Pompeii and,
33
;
Queen Mab
and,
130
,
210
; Switzerland and,
45
,
51
–
52
,
65

Shelley Circle,
51
,
65
–
66
,
77
,
152
,
171
,
243n12

“Sigh for Autumn Rain, A” (Li Yuyang),
107
–
8

Simond, Louis,
154
,
154
–
55

Sinde (River),
73
–
76

Singapore,
24

Slave Felony Act,
239n21

slavery,
15
–
16
,
23
–
24
,
79
,
95
,
111
,
129
,
211
,
223
,
239n21
,
240n33

Smith, Adam,
30

Smithsonian Institution,
42
–
43

snow,
1
; agriculture and,
60
–
61
; Alps and,
151
–
52
,
154
,
157
,
163
; America and,
200
–
203
,
205
,
210
,
215
; Arctic and,
130
,
144
,
147
; Howard and,
56
–
58
; ice core analysis and,
37
,
43
–
44
,
48
,
241n12
; Pinatubo and,
42
; red,
67
; summer,
98
; Switzerland and,
45
–
46
; Yunnan and,
98
,
102
,
105
,
115

South Pole,
38
,
48

starvation,
70
,
148
,
233
–
34
,
239n14
; America and,
138
,
205
,
226
; “Bread or Blood” slogan and,
61
; Byron on,
69
; children and,
5
,
9
,
23
,
25
,
63
–
65
; eating boots and,
144
; Franklin and,
144
–
45
; glaciers and,
155
; Germany and,
61
; Ireland and,
172
–
73
,
181
,
187
,
189
,
194
,
198
; Lord Liverpool’s response to,
62
; Pentrich Revolution and,
61
–
62
; refugees and,
63
–
64
,
98
,
185
,
187
–
89
; Sumbawa and,
19
,
23
–
24
; Swiss bakers and,
62
; Switzerland and,
61
–
64
; Yunnan and,
105
,
112
,
113
–
14

Statham, James,
84
–
85

Stommel, Elizabeth,
237n5

Stommel, Henry,
237n5

storms,
1
; America and,
200
–
205
,
227
; Annsville and,
200
–
201
; Arctic Oscillation and,
50
–
51
; Bengal and,
80
–
83
,
99
; Byron and,
68
,
77
; coldness of 1810s and,
39
; Coleridge and,
70
; cyclones,
50
,
80
; floods and,
56
(
see also
floods
);
Frankenstein
and,
9
,
45
,
52
–
55
,
59
,
91
,
107
,
174
,
227
–
28
; hail and,
58
–
59
,
83
,
163
,
179
,
203
,
236
; heat and moisture transfer and,
50
; Howard and,
55
–
59
; hurricanes,
18
,
32
,
58
; Iceland and,
50
–
51
; Ireland and,
176
,
177
,
179
; lightning and,
53
–
54
,
57
–
59
,
115
,
179
; London and,
60
; Masters and,
54
; meteorology and,
54
(
see also
meteorology
); monsoons,
22
,
78
–
84
,
88
–
91
,
99
,
102
; northeasters,
46
; Plymouth tree and,
59
–
60
; Scotland and,
51
; Shelleys and,
9
,
45
,
52
–
55
,
59
,
77
,
130
; Switzerland and,
46
–
47
,
51
–
53
; Tambora-driven,
50
–
51
,
55
–
56
; thunderstorms,
50
–
51
,
54
,
59
,
203
; Yunnan and,
115