Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (52 page)

unknown volcanic eruptions: of 1258,
41
,
43
–
44
,
216
; of 1809,
37
–
39
,
41
–
43
,
58
,
216
,
241n12

Val de Bagnes: Agassiz and,
161
,
167
–
68
; Charpentier and,
161
–
62
,
167
–
68
,
251n24
; Perraudin and,
160
–
62
,
164
,
166
–
68
; Venetz and,
159
–
68
,
170

vampires,
52
,
52
–
53
,
66

Vanautu,
37

Venetz, Ignace: climate change and,
166
–
67
; engineering talents of,
157
,
158
,
161
–
62
,
164
,
167
; Giétro and,
158
,
159
–
61
,
163
–
65
,
170
; glacier studies of,
157
–
58
,
160
–
68
,
170
; Swiss Society paper of,
166
–
67
; Val de Bagnes and,
159
–
68
,
170

Vesuvius, Mount,
18
,
33
–
36
,
44
,
153

Vietnam,
14
,
98
,
117

Villa Diodati,
46
,
51
,
67
,
68

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI),
43

volcanoes: ash and,
2
(
see also
ash
); calderas and,
5
–
7
,
11
,
21
; climate change and,
5
(
see also
climate change
); climate impacts of recent,
231
; coldness of 1810s and,
36
–
42
; ejecta of,
2
,
48
; eruption of 1258 and,
41
,
43
–
44
,
216
; eruption of 1809 and,
37
–
39
,
41
–
43
,
58
,
216
,
241n12
; evacuations and,
5
,
6
,
8
,
163
; fluorine and,
24
,
48
; Fuji,
8
; Huaynaputina,
44
; Ice–Core Volcano Index (IVI) and,
43
–
44
; Iceland and,
1
–
2
,
7
,
34
,
40
,
43
; Katmai,
42
; Krakatau,
8
,
37
,
41
–
42
,
44
,
53
; Kuwae,
37
,
44
; Laki,
2
,
43
; magma and,
6
,
17
–
21
,
43
; Pinatubo,
42
,
48
,
52
,
138
–
39
,
241n22
; impacts on precipitation,
49
,
217
; pumice and,
17
,
21
–
22
,
33
; pyroclastic flows and,
18
–
20
,
22
,
170
; Ring of Fire and,
8
; St. Helens,
8
,
43
; Santorini,
44
; stratospheric effects of,
3
,
8
,
19
,
43
,
48
,
50
,
52
,
67
,
79
,
90
,
115
,
230
; sulfate aerosols and,
3
,
37
,
38
,
48
,
78
–
79
,
81
,
121
,
123
,
141
,
230
; sulfur and,
5
,
6
,
43
,
48
,
52
,
79
; symbolism of,
35
–
36
; Tambora and,
2
(
see also
Tambora
); Tenerife,
34
; unknown eruptions of,
37
–
39
,
41
–
44
,
58
,
216
,
241n12
; Vesuvius,
18
,
33
–
36
,
44
,
153
; visual entertainment and,
34
–
35
;Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) and,
43

volcanologists,
6
,
10
,
26
,
33
–
34
,
43
,
235
,
238n10

Volney, Constantin-François,
215

von Clausewitz, Carl,
61

von Drais, Karl,
229

von Kotzebue, Otto,
128
,
131
,
141

Wales,
62
,
116

Wang Can,
11

War of Independence,
1

Waterloo,
70
,
116
,
148
,
180

Weymouth Bay
(Constable),
50

whaling,
125
,
127
,
135

wheat: Alps and,
164
; America and,
203
,
205
–
6
,
214
,
221
,
222
,
226
; Ireland and,
176
; Yunnan and,
99
,
102
,
105
,
110
,
115
,
119

Williams, Samuel,
215
,
215
–
16

wind: Alps and,
45
–
46
; Arctic and,
140
; America and,
203
,
215
–
16
; Bengal and,
78
–
79
,
83
,
87
,
89
; climate and,
49
–
51
,
150
,
173
,
178
; dark,
104
; hurricane-strength,
17
–
18
,
58
; Ireland and,
173
,
178
; Switzerland and,
53
; Tambora and,
17
–
19
,
22
,
48
,
55
,
61
,
78
–
79
,
83
,
87
,
107
–
8
,
111
; trade,
19
,
23
,
78
,
82
,
99
; Yunnan and,
99
–
100
,
102
,
104
,
107
–
8
,
111

World War I,
149

Yang Yuda,
247n3

“Year of the Beggar,”
9
,
59
,
61

“Year without a Summer,”
9
–
10
,
60
; America and,
199
–
200
,
203
,
225
; Banks and,
127
; Howard and,
58
Ireland and,
174
,
176
,
177
; legends of,
55
; Little Ice Age and,
41
; Mackenzie and,
39
; Sumbawa and,
32

Yeats, W. B.,
11

yellow fever,
183

Yunnan,
5
; agriculture and,
99
–
103
,
107
–
8
,
117
–
20
; climate change and,
119
–
20
; climate of,
98
–
101
,
102
–
5
; Confucianism and,
98
,
106
–
7
,
109
–
10
,
114
,
120
; famine and,
102
–
20
; Han Chinese expansion and,
100
–
201
,
103
; Himalayan plateau and,
99
,
102
,
115
; Jiaqing and,
109
–
10
; as “Land of Eternal Spring,”
100
–
1
; Li Yuyang and,
11
,
106
–
15
,
120
,
236
; meaning of name,
100
; Mekong delta and,
98
,
102
,
119
; meteorology and,
97
–
99
,
104
–
5
,
109
; monsoons and,
99
,
102
; opium and,
115
–
20
; poetry and,
11
,
106
–
15
,
120
; poverty and,
107
; Qing dynasty and,
100
,
101
,
105
–
13
,
117
,
120
; rice and,
71
,
99
,
101
–
5
,
107
–
11
,
113
,
119
; storms and,
115
; Tambora’s effects on,
98
,
102
–
8
,
111
–
13
,
115
,
117
–
20
; wheat and,
99
,
102
,
105
,
110
,
115
,
119
; winds of,
99
–
100
,
102
,
104
,
107
–
8
,
111

zaman hujan au
(time of the ash rain),
24
–
25