Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (51 page)

stratosphere,
3
,
8
,
19
,
38
,
43
,
48
–
50
,
52
,
67
,
78
–
79
,
82
,
90
,
115
,
230

sugar,
27

Sulawesi (Celebes),
14
,
23

sulfate aerosols,
3
,
37
,
38
,
48
,
78
–
79
,
81
,
121
,
123
,
141
,
230
–
31
230

sulfur,
5
,
6
,
43
–
44
,
48
,
52
,
79

sulfuric acid,
52
,
79

Sumbawa,
5
,
37
; agriculture and,
13
,
29
; ash and,
12
,
15
–
25
,
30
; Bali and,
14
,
19
,
22
–
24
; climate change and,
24
; deforestation of,
24
–
25
; dry season of,
13
; Dutch and,
13
–
15
,
20
,
24
–
25
,
27
,
29
–
30
,
62
; economic devastation of,
23
–
25
; famine and,
24
,
30
; Flores and,
14
,
18
,
23
; horse breeders of,
14
; Java Trench and,
8
;
Koteh and,
13
,
17
–
19
; Lombok and,
8
,
14
,
22
–
23
,
25
; pirates and,
15
; poetry and,
17
,
37
; poverty and,
25
; rice and,
13
–
14
,
16
–
20
,
23
–
24
,
31
; Sanggar Peninsula and,
7
,
13
–
24
,
170
; settlement of,
14
–
15
; Sulawesi (Celebes) and,
14
,
23
; Sumba and,
8
; Tambora’s death toll on,
17
,
19
–
20
,
30
; tsunamis and,
18
–
19
,
22
; vassal system of,
14
–
15
;
zaman hujan au
(time of the ash rain) and,
24
–
25

summer of 1816: as “Year of the Beggar,”
9
,
59
,
61
; “Eighteen-Hundred-and-Froze-to-Death” and,
9
,
128
,
200
–
206
,
217
; “Frankenstein weather” and,
91
,
107
,
174
,
227
–
28
; June
6
storm and,
200
–
203
; as “Year without a Summer,”
9
–
10
,
32
,
39
,
41
,
55
,
58
,
60
,
127
,
174
,
176
,
177
,
199
–
200
,
203
,
225

Sunda arc,
8

sunsets,
2
,
97

sunspots,
40
–
41
,
70

superstition,
16
,
25
–
26
,
55
,
74
–
75
,
161

Surrey Gardens,
35
,
230

Swiss Society of Natural Sciences,
157
,
162
,
166
–
67

Switzerland: agriculture and,
62
,
64
; Alps and,
151
(
see also
Alps
); avalanches and,
46
,
152
; famine and,
62
–
66
,
69
; floods in,
58
; Shelleys and,
45
–
46
,
51
–
55
,
57
,
62
,
65
,
151
; storms and,
46
–
47
,
51
–
53
; Swiss Society of Natural Sciences and,
157
,
162
,
166
–
67
; Tambora’s effect on,
48
,
50
–
51
,
57
,
61
–
67
; Villa Diodati and,
46
,
51
,
67
,
68

syphilis,
183

Tambora: Alpine effects of,
45
–
46
,
150
–
51
,
155
–
56
,
159
,
162
–
63
,
165
,
168
–
70
; American effects of,
71
,
199
–
203
,
204
,
216
–
27
; Arctic effects of,
121
–
23
,
132
,
135
,
138
–
41
,
146
,
149
; ash and,
48
(
see also
ash
); background climate for,
39
; caldera of,
5
–
7
,
11
,
21
; as cautionary tale,
234
; climate change and,
233
(
see also
climate change
); Crawfurd on,
15
; England effects of,
57
–
60
; evacuations and,
5
,
6
,
8
; first rumblings of,
16
–
17
; first victim of,
17
; flora/fauna effects of,
229
; “Frankenstein weather” resulting from,
91
,
107
,
174
,
227
–
28
; German effects of,
61
; hydrologic cycle disrupted by,
139
–
40
; immediate deaths from,
17
,
19
–
20
; implosion of,
21
; Indian effects of,
71
–
72
,
78
–
83
,
90
–
91
,
96
; Irish effects of,
71
,
171
–
74
,
178
–
81
,
186
,
189
–
90
,
193
–
95
,
197
–
98
; Koteh and,
13
,
17
–
19
; lost kingdom of,
25
; monsoon effects of,
78
–
84
,
88
–
91
; panic of 1819 and,
216
–
26
; pumice hail of,
17
,
21
–
22
; pyroclastic flows and,
18
–
20
,
22
,
170
; Sanggar Peninsula and,
7
,
13
–
24
,
170
; scale of eruption of,
42
–
44
; sound of,
21
–
22
; storms and,
50
–
51
,
55
–
56
(
see also
storms
); stratospheric effects and,
48
,
78
,
82
,
90
; sulfate aerosols and,
3
,
37
,
38
,
48
,
78
–
79
,
81
,
121
,
123
,
141
,
230
–
31
230
; Sumbawan deaths from,
17
,
19
–
20
,
30
; Sunda arc and,
8
; superstition and,
16
,
55
; Swiss effects of,
48
,
50
–
51
,
57
,
61
–
67
; Teluk Saleh and,
7
; wind and,
17
–
19
,
22
,
48
,
55
,
61
,
78
–
79
,
83
,
87
,
107
–
8
,
111
; Yunnan effects of,
98
,
102
–
8
,
111
–
13
,
115
,
117
–
20

Teluk Saleh,
7

temperature,
9
; atmospheric pressure and,
49
; average,
39
,
178
,
205
,
209
,
217
; Buffon on,
209
,
214
; cholera and,
90
; cycles of,
166
; febrile body,
184
; glaciers and,
152
,
157
,
159
–
60
; gradient of,
50
,
80
,
81
,
203
; higher,
18
,
88
,
89
,
138
,
140
; Holocene Period and,
42
,
44
,
232
–
33
,
241n12
; Howard’s observations and,
58
; jet streams and,
50
,
203
; Land Office records and,
227
; latitude and,
137
,
209
; lower,
38
,
39
,
41
,
50
,
55
–
56
,
58
,
78
,
79
,
89
,
98
,
103
–
5
,
115
,
127
,
129
,
131
,
141
,
150
–
51
,
178
,
200
–
203
,
205
,
216
; measuring seawater,
135
–
37
; meridional currents and,
48
–
50
,
82
,
137
–
38
,
249n25
; moderate,
42
,
49
,
100
,
102
,
137
,
212
,
215
,
226
,
228
,
230
; ocean,
135
–
38
; raw,
49
,
79
; regional,
207
; rice crops and,
105
; sulfate aerosols and,
230
; wind and,
49
(
see also
wind
)

Tenerife,
34

Tennyson,
146

Thailand,
91
,
119

Theatre de la République,
35
–
36

thunderstorms,
50
–
51
,
54
,
59
,
203

Times
newspaper,
194

“To Autumn” (Keats),
39

trade winds,
19
,
23
,
78
,
82
,
99

transatlantic trade,
64
,
138
,
210
,
217
,
222
,
224
,
226
,
228
,
237n5

Treaty of Paris,
1

tree-ring studies,
24
,
43
,
82
–
83
,
217
,
248n19

Trevelyan, Charles,
174

tropics,
2
,
8
,
127
,
151
,
232
; air pressure differentials and,
49
; Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and,
137
–
38
,
140
,
249n25
; disease and,
94
; eruption of 1258 and,
41
,
43
–
44
,
216
; eruption of 1809 and,
37
–
39
,
41
–
43
,
58
,
216
,
241n12
; forests of,
17
; heat transfer and,
137
–
38
,
140
,
249n25
; Little Ice Age and,
37
,
39
; monsoons and,
22
,
78
–
84
,
88
–
91
,
99
,
102
; rain in,
5
,
15
; raw
surface temperature and,
79
; rice and,
103
; summer snows and,
98
; Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) and,
43
; volcanoes located in,
2
,
41
,
43
–
44
(
see also
volcanoes
); wind–based heat transport and,
49

tropopause,
50

Trotter, John,
185

tsunamis: Alpine ice floods compared to,
150
–
70
; Sumbawa and,
18
–
19
,
22

tuberculosis,
77
,
221

Turner, J. M. W. (William),
2
–
3
,
35
,
58
,
156
,
174

typhus,
69
; Burundi and,
183
; Carleton’s writings and,
184
,
188
,
190
,
192
; clergy and,
190
; doctors and,
181
,
186
,
189
–
92
; etiology for,
183
; famine and,
9
,
70
; Gamble and,
186
–
87
; Harty and,
186
,
190
–
91
; Ireland and,
66
,
176
,
179
,
181
–
93
,
198
; lice and,
176
,
179
,
181
–
87
; Napoleon’s army and,
183
; newspaper media and,
190
; pathogen source of,
183
; rural population and,
188
–
89
; treatises on,
187
,
253n43