The Age of Atheists: How We Have Sought to Live Since the Death of God (90 page)

Quisling, Vidkun,
330
–31

“Quit thinking,” 387,
396

Raban, Jonathan,
382
–83

race,
139
–41,
235
,
315
–22,
333
–34,
395
,
421
,
452
.
See also
civil rights movement

Rank, Otto,
84
,
352

rationality:

counterculture and,
411

desire and,
543

Futurists and,
210

holiday from,
460
–62

Marxism and,
211

minimalist art and,
392

Nazis and,
315
–16

phenomenology and,
75

religion and,
526
–29

spontaneity and,
394

surrealism and,
198
,
199

See also
specific person’s views

Rauschenberg, Robert,
391
,
400

Rawls, John,
502
–3

Read, Herbert,
191

reality/realism:

Abstract Expressionism and,
399

“beat” writing and,
404

counterculture and,
414
,
419
,
429

drugs and,
441

Expressionism and,
121
,
122

final,
136

and goal of religion,
456

Impressionism and,
111

minimalist art and,
391

modern art and,
113

perception of,
72

phenomenology and,
72
,
73
,
553

Platonic tradition and,
60

poetry and,
549

pragmatism and,
60
,
61
,
62
,
63
,
66

reason and,
72

scientific,
514

spontaneity and,
394
,
395

surrealism and,
199

in twentieth-century art,
124

See also
specific person’s views

reason:

choice and,
513

communicative,
3
,
515

existentialists and,
338

Gifford Lectures and,
58
n

moral whole and secular,
3

pragmatism and,
60
,
61

reality and,
72

religion as based on,
3

science and,
525

shadow culture and,
177

surrealism and,
198
,
199

See also
specific person’s views

rebellion.
See
revolution

reciprocal enlightenment concept, Shaw’s,
105

reciprocity,
555

redemption,
69
,
92
,
146
,
189
,
192
,
193
,
197
,
373
,
377
,
378
,
515
,
546

reflection,
72
,
76
n,
224
,
267
,
517
–18

Regan, Tom,
78
–79,
81

reincarnation,
500

Reisner, Rob,
393
–94

relationships,
94
–97,
265
,
365
,
383
,
436
,
439
,
526
.
See also
specific person’s views

relativity theory,
490
,
495
,
516
,
545

religion:

as addiction,
444

aim/function of,
13
,
17
,
202
,
391
,
456

alternative,
177
–79,
201
,
214
–17

basis of,
3

benefits of,
15
–16

and church-state relations,
526
–29

religion (
continued
)

civil,
533

as combatting bad behavior,
15
–16

counterculture and,
416

culture and,
28
–29,
496
–97

decline in,
8
–11,
14
,
21
,
23
–24,
28

of early man,
85

evolution as,
487
–88

evolution of,
471
,
474
–75,
479
,
481
,
536

expansion of,
7
,
8
–11,
13
,
14

factories as substitutes for,
217
–18

as failure,
325

festivity as hallmark of,
67

globalized,
536
,
546

as “habit of action,” 513

as ideology,
29

importance of,
497

as infantilism,
285

lifespan of,
472
–73

as mental illness,
86

multidisplinary research about,
472

as myth,
292
,
480
–81

as natural phenomenon,
59
,
88

need for,
86

need for research about,
474

neurosis as private,
83
–89

of no religion,
416

origin of,
527

pagan,
270
,
323
–25

primitive,
145

privatization of,
239
,
513
–14

promises of,
281

reassurance from,
13

religious distinguished from,
296
–97

retreat from,
29

root of,
65

secular world’s relationship to,
2
–6,
526
–27,
528

shadow culture and,
177
–79

as “slave morality,” 204,
209

success as,
250

universality of,
28
–29

without theology,
480
–81

See also
specific person’s views or topic

“religion of the blood” concept,
317
,
319
,
323

religious atheist: Dworkin’s views about,
519
,
522

renewal,
50
–51,
95

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste,
113
,
300

repression,
311
,
353

resistance,
342
,
400
,
401
,
402
–3

Resistance, French,
336
,
338
,
339
,
346
,
389
,
390

respect:

as layer of ethics,
516

self-,
519
,
521
,
548
,
549

See also
dignity

responsibility,
103
,
344
,
350
,
383
,
444
,
513
,
519
–22,
554

responsiveness: as layer of ethics,
516

resurrection,
271
,
384

revolution,
138
,
203
,
209

Richards, I. A.,
74
,
146

Richards, Mary Caroline,
394
,
402

Ricoeur, Paul,
292
,
555

Ridley, Matt,
475
–76,
477
,
512

Rieff, Philip,
270
,
358

rights: origins of,
534

Rilke, Rainer Maria,
227
–32

afterlife and,
229
–30,
550

being and,
231

Christianity and,
228
,
550

consciousness and,
228
,
230

Csikszentmihalyi and,
534

death and,
225
,
230
,
231
–32

death of,
232

Die Freistatt
, as publisher for,
157

and existence,
232
,
537
,
550

and experience,
550

and God,
228
,
230

and happiness,
228
,
436

Heidegger and,
227

and human beings,
230

and imagination,
232
,
237
,
553
–54

influence of,
227
,
413

influences on,
228

and language,
228
,
550

life and,
228
,
230
,
231
–32,
265

Mallarmé’s influence on,
147

and meaning,
230

metaphor use by,
231
–32

music and,
230
–31,
550

naming and,
262
,
550

and nature,
228
,
229
,
550

personal and professional background of,
227
–28

and poetry,
222
,
550

religion and,
228
,
229
,
230

and science,
229

and self,
231

and singing,
230
–31,
232
,
550

Spiegelberg and,
413

and truth,
229

and universe,
229

views about world of,
148
–49

Rilke, Rainer Maria—works by:

Duino Elegies,
228

“The Passing,” 229

Sonnets to Orpheus,
228

Rimbaud, Arthur,
71
,
72
–73,
123
,
422

rituals,
67
,
135
,
145
,
215
,
216
,
242
,
391
,
473
,
555

Ritzkrieg,
335

“RNA world,” 510

Robbins, Bruce,
539
,
546
,
548

Robinson, John,
385
–86

Roche, G. T.,
440
–41

rock and roll,
410
,
422
,
424

Rodin, Auguste,
227
,
436

Rogers, Carl,
360
,
361
,
362
,
363
–66,
368
,
370
,
415

“romance”: Rorty’s views about,
515

Romanticism,
23
,
92
,
123
,
125
,
161
,
264
,
274
,
420
,
465

Rorty, Richard,
59
,
60
,
64
,
65
,
465
–68,
512
–16,
524
,
528
,
538
,
546
,
547
,
554
,
556

Rosenberg, Alfred,
316
–22,
323

The Myth of the Twentieth Century
by,
316
–19,
321
,
322

Rosenberg, Harold,
397
–98

Rosenthal, Bernice Glazer,
205
,
206
,
207
,
210
,
211
,
212
,
214

Roszak, Theodore,
410
,
411
–12,
425
–30,
447
,
485
,
486
,
487
,
490
–91

Roth, Philip,
406
–8,
430
,
447
,
537
,
538
,
543

Rothchild, Paul,
421
–23

Roughgarden, Joan,
10
–11

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,
123
,
203
,
346
,
357
,
450
,
503
,
525

Roy, Oliver,
28
,
29
,
536
,
546

rules,
223
,
232
,
291
,
292
,
294
,
357
,
404
,
503

Rushdie, Salman,
1
–2,
531
–32

Russell, Bertrand,
302
–4,
306
–9

anxiety and,
308

awards and honors for,
303

belief and,
309

as Cambridge Conversazione Society member,
78

at Cambridge University,
303
–4

and children,
308

Christianity and,
306
,
307

communism and,
307

community and,
308

conscience and,
308

death of,
303

delight and,
307
–8

desire and,
308
,
309

Dewey’s debates with,
60

and ecstasy,
440

and education,
308

ethics and,
308

and existence,
507

and facts,
309

and God,
306
,
307
,
309

and good,
308

and happiness,
307
,
308
,
435
,
436
–37

and humanism,
307

and intuition,
76

and knowledge,
303
,
307
,
309

and Lawrence’s “quit thinking” advice,
271
,
387

life and,
303
,
307
,
308
,
309

and love,
303
,
307
–8,
309

and mathematics,
303
–4

and matter,
309

and Moore’s influence,
79

and morals,
308

and nature,
307

passions of,
303

personal and professional background of,
303

and religion,
306
–7

science and,
308

and sex,
308

and sin,
309

and suffering,
303

Vienna Circle and,
273

Whitehead and,
304
,
305

Wittgenstein and,
302
–3

work/workers and,
308

world views of,
307
,
309

World War I and,
304
,
307

Russell, Bertrand—works by:

Autobiography,
78

Behaviorism and Values,
306

The Conquest of Happiness,
306

The Danger of Creed Wars,
306

Eastern and Western Ideals of Happiness,
306

Satan in the Suburbs,
306

Why I Am Not a Christian,
306

Russia:

Bolsheviks in,
200
–219,
541
n

holidays in,
218

intelligentsia in,
205
–6

Marxism in,
202

Russia (
continued
)

poetry in,
206

religion in,
204
–6

revolutions/civil war in,
201
,
213
,
216

Rilke’s visits to,
227
,
228

Rosenberg and,
316

Russell’s views about,
303

and Soviet troops at Auschwitz,
330

theosophy in,
180

World War I and,
190
,
192
,
200
–201

See also
Bolsheviks; communism; Marxism;
specific person’s views

sacrifice,
207
,
344
,
374

Safranski, Rudiger,
221
–22

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de,
342
–45,
347
,
399

Saint-Point, Valentine de,
47
,
543

saintliness: James’s (William) views about,
58

salvation:

belief as basis of,
29

communism and,
215

counterculture and,
429
,
438

drugs and,
416

Expressionism and,
121

happiness and,
432

Jewish views about,
373
,
377

machines and,
91

postmodernism and,
499

and “psychological turn” in America,
362

Russian intelligentsia views about,
206

science as,
487
–88

self-realization as replacement for,
368

size of life and,
544
–45

“thingness” as alternative to,
74

war as,
190
,
191

See also
specific person’s views

Samurai (philosopher-kings): Wells’s views about,
137

Santayana, George,
66
–70,
94
,
96
,
108
,
128
,
161
,
245
,
537
–38,
539
,
546
,
553
–54

Sartre, Jean-Paul,
334
–40,
345
–49

and action,
348
,
349

art/artists and,
349

Beckett’s views about,
389

change and,
346

community and,
349

Csikszentmihalyi and,
534

decisiveness and,
349
,
350

as existentialist,
334
–36

and freedom,
346
,
347
–48,
349
,
350

French Resistance and,
334

and fulfillment,
460

and God,
336
,
347
,
350

and God is dead,
347

and good,
347

and human nature,
347

and humanism,
349

and identity,
346

life and,
350

and love,
349

Merleau-Ponty lectures and,
340

and morals,
349

Paris lectures of,
238
,
335
–36

petites heureuses
of,
182
,
460
,
554

and phenomenology,
460
,
541

and poetry,
147
–48

and pragmatism,
347

and reality,
349

and responsibility,
350

salvation and,
350

and sin,
350

and singing,
505

Temps modernes
journal and,
338
–39

“tyranny of concepts” of,
398

and universality,
349

values and,
348
,
349

World War II impact on,
346
–47

Sartre, Jean-Paul—works by:

“Existentialism Is a Humanism” (lecture),
335
,
338
,
346
–47

Les petites heureuses,
182

Les Temps modernes,
338,
339

Mallarmé, or the Poet of Nothingness,
147

“Portrait of the Anti-Semite,” 346

Sassoon, Siegfried,
194
–95,
303

Saturday Club.
See
Metaphysical Club

Saxon tradition,
321

Schiller, Friedrich,
118
,
284

Schlick, Moritz,
273
,
274

Schoenberg, Arnold,
180
–81

Schopenhauer, Arthur,
23
,
163
,
301
,
436
,
533

Schumpeter, Joseph,
332

Schweitzer, Albert,
57
n,
311

Schwitters, Kurt,
119

science:

achievements of,
471

aims of,
456
,
460
,
488
,
540
,
541

as alternative to religion,
540

art compared with,
455

benefits of,
514
,
554

capitalism and,
540

children’s education in,
541

communism and,
215

counterculture and,
410
,
413
,
426
,
427
,
428

desire and,
540
,
542
–43

engagement with,
542

existentialists and,
336
–37

humanities’ link with,
483
–85

and ideal world,
494

impact of,
541
–43,
544

Impressionism and,
113
–14

influence on psychology of,
351

Marxism and,
213
–14

meaning of life and,
29

morality and,
29
,
540

and move away from materialism,
19

as myth,
481

naming and,
550

nature and,
541

in 1950s,
368

occult and,
167
,
179

opposition to/criticisms of,
55
,
58
n,
541

phenomenology and,
73
,
75
,
544

philosophy and,
516

philosophy of,
492

“poetic,” 470

poetry and,
148
,
159
,
460
,
542

post–World War II,
351

postmodernism and,
499

pragmatism and,
64
,
65

psychoanalysis as,
89

as realm of life,
554

reasoning of,
525

of religion,
59

religion and,
11
,
24
,
59
,
218
,
469
–72,
515
,
523
,
540

as salvation,
487
–88

secularization and,
540
–41

of the soul,
485
–86

successes of,
506

surrealism and,
198

Theosophy and,
167
,
168

truth and,
29
,
455
,
540
,
544

unfitness of,
27
–29

unity and,
524
–25,
544

Vienna Circle and,
274

See also
evolution;
specific person’s views or science

scientific atheism,
204
,
217

scientists: emotional reactions of,
5
,
522
–23

scorn,
349
–50

Scriabin, Alexander,
180
–81,
190

Scruton, Roger,
58
n,
546
,
554

Scythians,
212
–13

séances,
169
,
173
,
174
,
179
,
180
,
288

Second World War.
See
World War II

“Secret Germany,” George’s,
154
,
157
–60

secularism:

aim of,
539

apotheosis of,
498
–99

communism and,
214
–17

as complementary to religion,
11
–12

education and,
240
–41

effects of,
238
–43

globalization and,
28

happiness and,
432

high point of,
7

how to find meaning in,
8

Impressionism and,
113

as lacking in something,
5

modern art and,
111

modernization and,
10
,
14

as narrative of progress,
539

in 1950s,
368

“permissive turn” and,
331

relationship of religion to,
2
–6,
526
–27,
528

and religion as sociology,
11
–13

science and,
540
–41

spread of,
497

theory of,
10
,
14
,
17

theothanatology and,
382
,
383
,
384
,
385

See also
specific person’s views

security,
11
–13,
87
,
104
,
116
,
121
,
243
,
415
,
431
,
434
,
438

self:

acceptance of,
365
,
446

aim of life and,
516

beauty and,
536

counterculture’s views about,
411
,
414
,
420
,
427
,
428
,
437

“discursive Christianity” and,
28

enlargement of,
516

essential,
162

Expressionism and,
120
,
121
,
122

giving of,
102

happiness and,
435
,
444

illusions about,
254

self (
continued
)

and importance of poetry,
147

Jewish views about,
377

limitation of,
444
,
446

love of,
272
,
359
,
445

multiple,
98
,
99
,
130
,
268
,
461

number of,
64

optimism about,
368

porous versus buffered,
6
–8

psychoanalysis and,
65

responsibility to,
554

self-contained,
64

as superstition,
130

therapeutic approach and,
446

transcendence of,
370
,
371

unity of,
512
,
536

See also
specific person’s views

self-actualization,
363
–64,
365
,
368
,
370
,
414
,
415
,
434
,
546

self-awareness,
4
,
103
,
221
,
517

self-consciousness,
104
,
114
,
164
,
434
,
520