Read The App Generation Online
Authors: Howard Gardner,Katie Davis
The App Generation (27 page)
29.
Linda A. Jackson et al., “Information Technology Use and Creativity:
Findings from the Children and Technology Project,”
Computers in Human Behavior
28 (2012): 370â376.
30.
Oscar Ardaiz-Villanueva et al., “Evaluation of Computer Tools for Idea Generation and Team Formation in Project-Based Learning,”
Computers and Education
56 (2011): 700â711.
31.
Igor Stravinsky,
Poetics of Music in the Form of Six Lessons
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), 63.
32.
Shirky,
Cognitive Surplus
.
33.
Lawrence Lessig,
Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).
34.
Hennessey and Amabile, “Creativity”; Parkhurst, “Confusion, Lack of Consensus, and the Definition of Creativity as a Construct”; Guilford,
Nature of Human Intelligence.
CHAPTER
7.
CONCLUSION
Epigraph: Alfred North Whitehead,
An Introduction to Mathematics
(New York: Holt, 1911), 61. We were pleased to see that Evgeny Morozov reflected similarly on this quotation in a recent column. See Morozov, “Machines of Laughter and Forgetting,”
New York Times Sunday Review,
March 31, 2013, 12.
1.
Anthony Burgess,
A Clockwork Orange
(1962; reprint ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 1986).
2.
Anthony Burgess, “The Clockwork Condition,”
New Yorker,
June 4, 2012.
3.
Burgess, “Clockwork Condition.”
4.
Aldous Huxley,
Brave New World
(1932; reprint ed., New York: Harcourt Perennial, 2006).
5.
George Orwell,
1984
(1948; reprint ed., New York: Signet, 1961).
6.
B. F. Skinner,
Walden II
(1948; reprint ed., New York: Prentice Hall, 1976); Skinner,
Beyond Freedom and Dignity
(New York: Knopf, 1972).
7.
Burgess, “Clockwork Condition.”
8.
Gustave Flaubert,
Sentimental Education: The Story of a Young Man
(1869; reprint ed., Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books, 2012).
9.
For a sampling of accounts by visitors to America, see Oscar Handlin,
This Was America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1949); J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer
(1782; reprint ed., New York: Dover, 2005); Charles Dickens,
American Notes for General Circulation
(London: Chapman and Hall, 1842); Harriet Martineau,
Society in America
(1837; reprint ed., New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1981); Frances Trollope,
Domestic Manners of the Americans
(1832; reprint ed., New York: Dover, 2003); Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(1835, 1840; new trans., New York: Harper Perennial Classics, 2006); Alistair Cooke,
Alistair Cooke's America
(1973; reprint ed., New York: Basic Books, 2009); and D. W. Brogan,
The American Character
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1944).
10.
Daniel Gilbert,
Stumbling on Happiness
(New York: Random House, 2006).
11.
Shirley Brice Heath made this comment at a seminar at Harvard Project Zero on March 29, 2011, and at the Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Education, October 30, 2011.
12.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett,
Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
13.
Mark Twain,
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(1885; reprint ed., New York: St. Martin's, 1995), 265.
14.
Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbell,
American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010). On religious apps, see Cathleen Falsani, “Need Religion? There's an App for That,”
Huffington Post,
December 3, 2010,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cathleen-falsani/need-religion-theres-an-a_b_789423.html
.
15.
For references on Good Play, see Carrie James et al.,
Young People, Ethics, and the Digital Media: A Synthesis from the GoodPlay Project
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009). For details, see
thegoodproject.org
.
16.
On digital ethics, see also Marc Prensky,
Brain Gain: Technology and the Quest for Digital Wisdom
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
17.
Alan Wolfe,
Moral Freedom: The Search for Virtue in a World of Choice
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).
18.
On people believing that they are well motivated, see Dan Ariely,
The (Honest) Truth about Dishonesty: How We Lie to EveryoneâEspecially Ourselves
(New York: HarperCollins, 2012).
19.
James et al.,
Young People, Ethics, and the Digital Media
. For details, see
thegoodproject.org
. The Good Play Project,
Our Space: Being a Responsible Citizen of the Digital World
(Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education, and Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, 2011),
http://dmlcentral.net/sites/dmlcentral/files/resource_files/Our_
Space_full_casebook_compressed.pdf
. See also the Common Sense Media digital citizenship curriculum,
http://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/curriculum
.
20.
Katie Davis et al., “Fostering Cross-Generational Dialogues about the Ethics of Online Life,”
Journal of Media Literacy Education
2 (2010): 124â150.
21.
Katie Davis and Howard Gardner, “Five Minds Our Children Deserve: Why They're Needed, How to Nurture Them,”
Journal of Educational Controversy
6 (2012),
http://www.wce.wwu.edu/Resources/CEP/eJournal/v006n001/a001.shtml
.
22.
See Michael Polanyi,
Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). See also Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger,
Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
23.
For studies of creativity, see Howard Gardner,
Creating Minds
(New York: Basic Books, 1993); and Gardner,
Extraordinary Minds: Portraits of Four Exceptional Individuals and an Examination of Our Own Extraordinariness
(New York: Basic Books, 1997).
24.
Pasi Sahlberg,
Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland?
(New York: Teachers College Press, 2011).
25.
Atul Gawande,
The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right
(New York: Henry Holt, 2009); Jerome Groopman, MD,
How Doctors Think
(New York: Mariner Books, 2008).
26.
Howard Gardner, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and William Damon,
Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet
(New York: Basic Books, 2001); Howard Gardner, ed.,
GoodWork: Theory and Practice
(Cambridge, MA: Good Project, 2010),
http://www.goodworkproject.org/publication/goodwork-theory-and-practice/
.
For more information, see the GoodWork website at
http://www.thegoodproject.org/
.
27.
Kathleen Farrell, “Taking Stock: The Value of Structuring Reflection on GoodWork,” in H. Gardner, GoodWork,
http://www.goodworkproject.org/publication/goodwork-theory-and-practice/
.
28.
Home page, The Partnership for 21st Century Skills,
http://www.p21.org/
.
29.
B. F. Skinner,
The Technology of Teaching
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968).
30.
Seth Kugel, “Using TripAdvisor? Some Advice,”
New York Times,
January 1, 2013,
http://frugaltraveler.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/using-tripadvisor-some-advice/
.
31.
Alfred North Whitehead,
The Aims of Education and Other Essays
(New York: Free Press, 1967).
32.
Matthew Arnold, “Sweetness and Light,” in
“Culture and Anarchy” and Other Writings,
ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 79.
33.
Jennifer Pahlka, “Code American” (Paper presented at the Aspen Ideas Festival, August 2, 2012).
34.
For the Boston app to identify potholes, see
http://codeforamerica.org/2011/02/23/boston-citizens-connected/
.
35.
Tod Machover quoted in Jeremy Eichler, “Sounds of a City: A New Template for Collaboration in Toronto,”
Boston Globe,
January 26, 2013.
36.
Mimi Ito,
Engineering Play: A Cultural History of Children's Software
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009); Tim Wu,
The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires
(New York: Vintage, 2011).
37.
On singularity, see Brian Christian,
The Most Human Human: What Artificial Intelligence Teaches Us about Being Alive
(New York: Anchor Books, 2011); Evan Goldstein, “The Strange Neuroscience of Immortality,”
The Chronicle of Higher Education,
July 20, 2012; and Ray Kurzweil,
The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology
(New York: Penguin, 2006).
38.
Christine Rosen, “The Machine and the Ghost,”
New Republic,
August 2, 2012; Allen Tate,
The Forlorn Demon: Didactic and Critical Essays
(Chicago: Regnery, 1953).
ABC network,
46
action and restriction, paradox of,
24
â25
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(Twain),
168
Affect in Play Scale (APS),
129
AIDS,
55
The Aims of Education
(Whitehead),
186
American Idol
(TV show),
68
An American in Paris
(Gershwin),
190
The Andy Griffith Show
(TV show),
69
anxiety,
77
â81
app-directed,
42
“App Generation,”
6
â14,
17
,
119
,
153
,
166
; disengagement from digital world,
191
â92; packaged identities of,
66
; psychology of users and,
54
Apple Macintosh (“Mac”),
23
â24
apps (applications),
6
â7,
14
,
52
,
152
â53; app mentality or worldview,
94
,
160
â61,
175
; creative limits of remix culture,
142
â44; designers of,
60
; educational,
179
â80; e-readers,
58
; as filters,
104
; GPS (Global Positioning System),
8
â9; habits and,
24
â25; icons of,
72
,
91
; identity and,
32
,
60
; interfaces of,
61
; intimacy and,
32
â33; pervasiveness of,
160
; as portals to globalized world,
89
;
self-expression and,
61
â62; as shortcuts,
118
.
See also
super-apps
apps, dependence on,
9
â10,
97
,
110
,
119
,
153
,
191
; constraint of means and goals,
161
; dystopian direction of,
194
; education and,
183
; imaginative expression and,
121
; oscillation between enabling and dependence,
32
; religion and,
170
; technological determinism and,
34
; travel apps,
185
â86
apps, enabling qualities of,
110
,
149
â52,
161
,
183
â85; expression of marginalized identities,
90
; oscillation between enabling and dependence,
32
; utopian direction of,
194
Arab Spring,
56
Arnold, Matthew,
187
artistic expression, changes in,
130
â39
ArtRage,
120
ArtStudio,
120
Ashbery, John,
176
Asimov, Isaac,
163
automaticity,
20
Bad Girls Club
(TV show),
115
Bauerlein, Mark,
34
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation),
58
behaviorism,
28
â29,
156
,
167
,
180
,
183
,
186
Berlin Wall, fall of,
55
Bible, generations and life span in,
35
,
36
â37
binge-drinking,
78
