The Arrogance of Power (116 page)

RN Cuba trip:
(briefing) notes, Jan. 31, 1955, Series 36, Box 1, VP, NA; (attach) int. Lionel Krisel; (exiles' letter) Feb. 1, 1955, sixty-three signatories, Series 36, Box 1, VP, NA; (visit)
NYT, WP,
Feb. 8, 9, 1955; Havana
Post,
Feb. 7, 10, 1955; Philip Bonsal,
Cuba, Castro,
&
the United States,
Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971, p. 13; (cabinet) Mar. 11, 1955 notes, James Hagerty Papers, DDEL, Arthur Minnick Papers, DDEL; (opening line/reading) Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., pp. 67, 159.

1959 Revolution:
(fled) ibid., p. 493; (“suitcases”) Phillips, op. cit., p. 77; ($17 million) Eisenberg, Dan and Landau, op. cit., p. 256.

“short of war”:
Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders,
Select Cttee. to Study Govt. Ops. with Respect to Intelligence Activities, U.S. Senate, Interim Report, Nov. 20, 1975, p. 1.

casinos:
(Castro view) Enrique Meneses,
Fidel Castro,
London: Faber & Faber, 1966, p. 58, citing 1958 int.; (reopen) Lopez-Fresquet, op. cit., p. 88; (jailings) Lacey, op. cit., p. 253; Summers,
Not in Your Lifetime,
New York: Marlowe, 1998, p. 338; U.S. Senate,
Assass. Plots,
op. cit., p. 74n2.

Lansky:
(bounty) Geyer, op. cit., p. 297; (tight lipped) Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, op. cit., p. 259; (Stacher) ibid., p. 258; (CIA benign) Scott, op. cit., p. 338n26; Amb. Earl Smith testimony to Sen. Cttee on Judiciary, 1965, cited in Peter Dale Scott, unpub. ms., Jonathan Marshall Papers; Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., pp. 70, 144–; unpub. ms. outline by Ladislas Farago, Box 25, Folder 10, Mugar Library, Boston University, citing arms dealer Sam Cummings; Tony Ulasewicz,
The President's Private Eye,
Westport, CT: Macsam Pub., 1990, p. 74; (Castro concern) int. Andrew St. George, also with Castro in mountains; (FBI) Lacey, op. cit., p. 254.

Pawley:
(background)
NYT,
Jan. 8, 1977, Select Cttee. on Assassinations, U.S. House of Reps., X, pp. 83, 138; Gaeton Fonzi,
The Last Investigation,
New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1993; Summers,
Not in Your Lifetime,
op. cit., p. 326; “The Ghosts of November,”
Vanity Fair,
Dec. 1994, p. 192; Miami
Herald,
Oct. 3, 1972, Jan. 8, 1977; (dress) Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., p. 159; (Trujillo) Warren Hinckle and William Turner,
Deadly Secrets,
New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1981, p. 192; (time to go) Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., pp. 29, 152–; (junta plan?) ibid., p. 158; (Pawley/Guatemala) Miami
Herald,
Aug. 22, 1971; (“aggressive action”) Report on the Covert Activities of the CIA, (known as Doolittle Report), Sept. 1954, NA and see Hinckle and Turner, op. cit., p. 44; (“Find me man”) Miami
Herald,
Jan. 8, 1977; (niece) int. Anita Pawley.

Castro U.S. visit:
(astonishes)
Newsweek,
May 4, 1959; (dilemma) Geyer, op. cit., p. 227, Maurice Zeitlin and Robert Scheer,
Cuba, Tragedy in Our Hemisphere,
New York: Grove Press, 1963, p. 81; (C. grumbled) James Blight, Bruce Allyn, and David Welch,
Cuba on the Brink,
New York: Pantheon, 1993, p. 178; (C. refused) Lopez-Fresquet, op. cit., p. 106; (RN claimed)
Reader's Digest,
Nov. 1964; (chandelier) Geyer, op. cit., p. 234; (nervous) RN memo on meeting, Apr. 25, 1959 (full version), as sent to Sen. Mansfield,
Diplomatic History,
Vol. 4, No. 4, Fall 1980, p. 426; (“looked like”)
Reader's Digest,
Nov. 1964; (“teenager”) Wyden, op. cit., p. 26; (uncle) int. Bob Stephenson, former State Dept. official; (report) RN memo, Apr. 29, 1955,
supra.;
(“S.O.B.”) Geyer, op. cit., p. 235; (RN didn't look) int. Constantine Kangles; (“arms around”) int. Bob Stephenson; (“going to work”) Dean Rusk,
As I Saw It,
New York: Viking, 1991, p. 208; (“Outright Communist”) int. Herb Klein, Matthews, op. cit., p. 125; int. Don Hughes; (“dedicated”) int. Jack Drown; (“characterized Fidel”)
New Republic,
Apr. 23, 1977; int. Ken Bode.

Droller:
Lopez-Fresquet, op. cit., p. 110; Bonsal, op. cit., p. 64.

Castro and communism:
see esp. Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., p. 506; Geyer, op. cit., pp. 187, 284–; Lopez-Fresquet, op. cit., p. 202; (at odds?) ibid., p. 111; Nestor Carbonell,
And the Russians Stayed,
New York: William Morrow, 1989, p. 62; Geyer, op. cit., p. 236–; (U.S. tool?/diplomat) eds. Blight and Kornbluh, op. cit., p. 36–; citing former Soviet Cuba specialist Oleg Daroussenkov; (anti-American) Carbonell, op. cit., p. 62, Geyer, op. cit., pp. 44, 181, 191; (“We will check”) Grose, op. cit., p. 467.

Castro seizes U.S. business:
Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., p. 150.

“find dramatic things”:
memo of NSC meeting 429, Dec. 16, 1959, cited at Newman, op. cit., p. 118–.

Nixon role:
Robert Keith Gray,
Eighteen Acres Under Glass,
Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961, p. 278; (“deputy”/& NSC) RN int.;
U.S. News
&
World Report,
May 16, 1960; (briefing) Peter Wyden notes of int. Robert Cushman, supplied to author; (“apt pupil”/“friend”) Corson, op. cit., p. 36 and see Mosley, op. cit., p. 394; (“didn't see fit”) int. Marion Boggs.

Dulles Dec. 16:
Newman, op. cit., p. 120.

listening to Pawley:
Nixon,
Six Crises,
op. cit., p. 652—RN dined with Pawley Dec. 15; CIA memo, Cuban political matters, Dec. 16, 1959, CIA release 1993, NA.

King “recommended actions”:
U.S. Senate,
Assassination Plots,
op. cit., p. 92.

euphemisms:
ibid., pp. 64, 93.

Cuba covert war:
(March decision) ed. John Glennon,
Foreign Relations of the United
States, Vol. VI, Cuba, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov. Printing Office, 1991, Mar. 16, 17, p. 850–; (Pluto) John Prados,
The Presidents' Secret Wars,
New York: William Morrow, 1986, p. 178–; (AM/THUG) Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 206; (“pressure”) int. Thomas McCoy and see schedule Newman, op. cit., p. 125; (Ike admonition) ed. John Glennon, op. cit., p. 861; (confided in four) San Diego
Union,
Mar. 25, 1962; (“trump card”) Wyden, op. cit., p. 68; (Klein 1997) ints. Herb Klein.

RN prime mover?:
(myth)
AMI,
p. 550; Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 208n; (“by no stretch”) ibid.; (Pfeiffer noted) Pfeiffer to FB, Mar. 1, 1978, FBP; (“father”) Bonsal, op. cit., pp. 174, 196; (Smith) Joseph B. Smith,
Portrait of a Cold Warrior,
New York: Putnam, 1976, p. 325; (CIA/Costa Rica) Howard Hunt,
Give Us This Day,
New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1973, pp. 23, 29–; (Figueres)
New Republic,
Apr. 23, 1977; (Halpern) int. Sam Halpern by Gus Russo supplied to author; (Haig) int. Alexander Haig by Gus Russo supplied to author; (“monitor”) Jacob Esterline, int. for CIA history by Jack Pfeiffer, Nov. 1975, transcript obtained by author and ints. Esterline; (luncheon) Howard Hunt,
Give Us This Day,
op. cit., p. 39; (“chief architect”) Hunt testimony, Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the CIA in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters, Special Subcttee. on Intelligence, House Cttee. on Armed Services, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 500, and Hunt,
Undercover,
op. cit., p. 131; (“How the hell”) Wyden notes of int. Robert Cushman supplied to author; (Ike's caution) ed. Glennon, op. cit., p. 1060; (“What's hurry?”) Grose, op. cit., p. 514; (Cushman/pressure) int. Robert Cushman by FB, FBP; (CIA frustration) int. Jack Pfeiffer by FB, FBP; Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 384n13; Hunt,
Give Us this Day,
op. cit., pp. 28, 40, 43; (Ike/Pawley) ed. Glennon, op. cit., pp. 789, 1128, 1130–.

Kohly:
(background) petition for writ of certiorari, U.S. Court of Appeals, by William Grosh and Mario Garcia Kohly, Oct. 16, 1964, No. 1061, p. 4, Kohly bio. notes in files of Assassination Archive and Research Center, Washington, D.C.; Marshall Diggs to RN, Dec. 9, 1966, Robert Morrow Papers, supplied by John Williams, University of Wisconsin-Stout; (Flemming) Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 207; (“Sucker”) ed. Glennon, op. cit., p. 950–; (Rebozo/Kohly) int. Gerry Hemming; Kohly's son confirmed in 1996 that Hemming worked with the Kohlys; (“hated”) Kissinger,
White House Years,
op. cit., p. 641; (in touch within months) int. Dr. Mario Garcia Kohly, Jr.; (Brewster investigated) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 53; (Diggs) RN/Diggs corr. 1953, 1960, VP, NA; (RN/Kohly met) Kohly Writ,
supra.,
pp. 353, 358, 398–, 675 and Diggs/RN corr, July 29, Sept. 3, 1960, VP, NA; int. Barrett Prettyman—former U.S. assistant attorney general; (counterfeiting) int. attorney James Cardiello, Kohly writ,
supra.;
Hinkle and Turner, op. cit., p. 197–; Arthur Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy and His Times,
New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1978, p. 487n.; (discuss with Pawley) Peter Wyden notes of Robert Cushman int. supplied to author; (CIA/RN disagreement) FB notes of int. CIA historian Jack Pfeiffer, FBP; (RN ensured) int. Robert Thornton, former junior associate at Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander; (wrote to judge) RN to U.S. District Judge Edward Weinfeld, Mar. 9, 1965, reprinted in full in
First Hand Knowledge,
by Robert Morrow, op. cit., p. 357; ints. Mario Garcia Kohly, Jr.; James Cardiello and Schlesinger, op. cit., p. 487n.; (“medal”) int. Robert Thornton; (RN suggested jumping bail) transcript Edward Von Rothkirch; int. conducted for Rep. Thomas Downing, in Morrow,
First Hand Knowledge,
op. cit., p. 281; (RN sanction of killings?) Mario Garcia Kohly affidavit, July 15, 1975, Robert Morrow Papers,
supra.,
and see reproduced in Morrow,
First Hand Knowledge,
op. cit., p. 364, and see Schlesinger, op. cit., p. 487n.; ints. Mario Kohly, Jr.

“The determination to kill”:
Harry Rositzke,
The CIA's Secret Operations,
New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1977, p. 200.

CIA assassinations:
(“nail Jell-O”) Wise,
American Police State,
op. cit., p. 214; (Lumumba/Trujillo/Castro summary) U.S. Sen.
Assass. Plots,
op. cit., p. 4–; (“Eisenhower's view”) int. Marion Boggs; (“never without approval”) Allen Dulles in
The Craft of Intelligence
cited at
FB,
p. 393; (other CIA officials) see Wise,
American Police State,
op. cit., p. 225, and ed. Weber, op. cit., p. 299, citing Richard Helms and Rositzke, op. cit., pp. 190, 238; (Sen. Cttee concluded) U.S. Sen.,
Assass. Plots,
op. cit., p. 109; (Bissell/authorization) ibid., p. 110, transcript of int. Richard Bissell by CIA historian Jack Pfeiffer, p. 16–; (“Didn't inquire”) int. Richard Bissell by Jan Weininger, supplied to author, and see
World Intelligence Review,
Nov./Dec. 1996, p. 3; Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., pp. 27, 208n, 234–; (nod/wink) U.S. Sen.,
Assass. Plots,
op. cit., pp. 111, 117, 148; (“I think we all”) ibid., p. 148; (“almost everybody”)
Newsweek,
Oct. 2, 1978, p. 62.

RN/assassination role?:
(RN/Sen. Cttee. negotiations) UPI, July;
NYT,
Nov. 26, 1975;
This World,
Mar. 21, 1976; (“compromise”) int. Joe Dennin; (Hart) int. Gary Hart; (“pernicious”)
This World,
Mar. 21, 1976; (RN responses on assass.) in
Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence,
U.S. Sen. Select Cttee. to Study Gov. Ops. With Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Cong., 2nd sess. FR, Vol. IV, pp. 143, 157–; (“I was amazed”)
Newsweek,
May 19, 1986; (Brodie re: Jan. '60) FB handwritten notes of Pfeiffer briefing, Feb. 27, 1978, FBP; (RN briefing/goon squads) Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 208n, re: Mar. 2, 1960 CIA briefing of RN by Bissell; (Pawley/“somebody”) Jacob Esterline int. by CIA historian Pfeiffer, transcript p. 22 and see memo re. Esterline/Pawley contact, Mar. 30, 1960, CIA 1994 release, NA.

bizarre plots:
(Flemming) Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 207; (fatuous schemes) ibid., p. 208n; CIA inspector general,
Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,
1967; (Montecristo) int. Constantine Kangles; (in-house history) Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 208n; (Medical Services Dr.) CIA I.G.,
Report on Plots, supra.,
p. 12; U.S. Sen.,
Assass. Plots,
op. cit., p. 73.

Hunt in April:
(“Assassinate Castro”) Hunt,
Give Us This Day,
op. cit., 38; (denied) ibid. and letter to Robbyn Swan Summers, Jan. 22, 1996; (Colson)
Argosy,
Mar. 1976; (Putnam memo) CIA counsel John Warner to WSPF Chief Counsel Jaworski, Apr. 9, 1974 enclosing Mar. 29 letter and attachment from Alfred Ulmer to CIA Director William Colby, released to NA by CIA 1994.

CIA file Pawley:
(contact's offer) July 13, 1960 message to director, released 1993, NA; (“I'm in touch”) Pawley to RN, July 18, 1960, VP, NA, cited at Michael Beschloss,
The Crisis Years,
New York: Edward Burlingame, 1991, p. 136 and see Howard Hunt testimony to House Select Cttee. on Assassinations, Nov. 3, 1978, transcript, part 2, p. 39—Hunt was in touch with Pawley.

accident plot:
(CIA manual) “A Study of Assassination from CIA Manual Distributed at Time of 1954 Guatemala Coup,” released 1977 and reprinted in
Harper's
magazine, Aug. 1977, p. 22; (“accident” cables) U.S. Sen,
Assass. Plots,
Interim Report, op. cit. p. 73; (King/Barnes) ibid. and Thomas,
The Very Best Men,
op. cit., p. 209–; (Esterline knew) ibid.