The Arrogance of Power (122 page)

Khashoggi:
(“arms dealer”) Sampson, op. cit., p. 188;
Vanity Fair,
Sept. 1989; (“connector”)
Fortune,
June 1977; (RN relationship) int. Adnan Khashoggi; (Khashoggi and prosecutors) Paul Michel to Files, Aug. 13, 1975, re: int. Khashoggi, Box 95, Michel to Henry Ruth, closing memo, Hughes-Rebozo, Oct. 16, 1975, pp. 9, 79, 92, 218–, WSPF, NA; (plane '67) int. Adnan Khashoggi, Sampson, op. cit., p. 188; (account) WSPF refs.
supra.,
and see
WP,
June 27, 1976; (“looks suspicious”/burglary/“If RN asked me”) ibid.; (“he'd given $1 million”) int. Pierre Salinger; (houseboat) int. Adnan Khashoggi; (inaugurals) Michel to Files, Aug. 13, 1975,
supra.
;
NYT,
Jan. 21, 1969; (“jewelry”)
WP,
Nov. 22, 1979; (K. confirmed) int. Adnan Khashoggi—author also questioned Soraya Khashoggi.

foreign contributions:
Kenneth Geller to Philip Lacovara, opinion on 18USC.613, Jan. 14, 1974, file 306, Box 23 (Pappas), WSPF, NA.

Pappas:
(at Convention) NY
Daily News,
Aug. 9, 1968; (background)
NYT,
May 4, 1969, Jan. 18, 1988; Detroit
Sunday News,
Nov. 11, 1973; Boston
Globe,
Oct. 31, 1968; Pappas file, FBI 190-HQ-1262376; Roger Witten to File 306, Feb. 7, 1974, Pappas, Box 23, WSPF, NA; (knew
RN) int. former counsel of House Select Cttee. on U.S. Intelligence Agencies & Activities, 1975—unidentified at his request; (photographs)
NYT,
May 4, 1969; (wedding) Detroit
Sunday News,
Nov. 11, 1973; (WH dinners) guest lists,
WP,
Mar. 22, 1972; Winter-Berger, op. cit., p. 32; (Box) ibid., Detroit
Sunday News,
Nov. 11, 1973; (“good old”) RN to Rose Woods, WHT, May 23, 1973;
AOP,
p. 549; (“Greek bearing”) John Dean/RN conv., Mar. 21, 1973;
AOP,
p. 256.

Agnew choice:
(“Nixon's decision”)
WP,
Sept. 25, 1968, cited at Paul Hoffman,
Spiro!,
New York: Tower, 1971, p. 87; (Agnew origins) ibid., p. 35;
NYT,
Aug. 10, 1968; Detroit
Sunday News,
Nov. 11, 1973; (“good word”)
NYT,
Aug. 10, 1968; (RN admitted) London
Sunday Times,
Sept. 29;
New York,
Oct. 28, 1968.

junta rule:
Encarta Encyclopaedia,
1993–98, Microsoft Corp.; Seymour Hersh,
The Price of Power,
New York: Summit, 1983, p. 136–; Stephen Rousseas,
The Death of a Democracy,
New York: Grove Press, 1967, p. 103.

Demetracopoulos:
(background) ints. Elias Demetracopoulos, Hearings, House Cttee. on Foreign Affairs, Subcttee. on Europe, 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., statement of Elias Demetracopoulos, July 12, 1971; Howe and Trott, op. cit., p. 414–; (political/journalists' respect) ibid. pp. 427, 433–.

junta cash for RN campaign:
(Gore) Winter-Berger, op. cit., p. 282–; Howe and Trott, op. cit., pp. 423, 425; Baltimore
News
-
American,
July 17, 1975; (Agnew initial position) ibid.; ints. Elias Demetracopoulos; (from here on “ED”), transcript int. of ED by Stanley Kutler, 1987, Kutler Papers; (turnabout) text of remarks of Gov. Spiro Agnew, National Press Club, Sept. 27, 1968; text of ED press conf., Sept. 28, 1968, Cong. Record, Oct. 9, 1968; (“What happened?”) Gore to ED, Sept. 27, 1968, handwritten on Fairfax notepaper, copy supplied by ED; (regime's $549,000) ints. ED and
WP,
Nov. 1, 1968, June 15, 1997; Kutler, op. cit., p. 205–; (Tsimas) int. of Tsimas by Stanley Kutler, E. Gordon Fox Professor of American Institutions at University of Wisconsin, reported in his book
Wars of Watergate,
pp. 205, 651, Kutler letters to ED, Jan. 5, 1987, Kutler Papers; (Tasca) author int. with counsel for House Select Cttee. on Intelligence,
supra.
; author's conv. Seymour Hersh and see Hersh,
Price of Power,
op. cit., p. 138; (details withheld) int. ED, and see Hearings, House Cttee. on Foreign Affairs, Subcttee. on Europe, 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., p. 463, last par.; (Demetracopoulos/O'Brien contacts) ints. ED, transcript Stanley Kutler int. of ED, 1985; (O'Brien cite of report) Democratic National Cttee. News Release, Oct. 31, 1968, in ED papers; (LBJ motive) e.g., Robert Dallek,
Flawed Giant,
New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 580.

“How many American soldiers?”:
Karnow, op. cit., p. 17.

Kimmons story:
(wives) ints. Charlotte Higgins—first wife, Gabrielle Kimmons, second wife, also Mrs. Hollis Kimmons—mother, Joyce Hagan—employer, and Harry Oldaker—friend; (RN inscription) ints. Gabrielle Kimmons, Mark Vardakis, Gerard Stodolski; article by Ralph Blumenthal,
NYT,
Feb. 17, 1985; int. Ralph Blumenthal; int. Forbes archivist Robin Tromer;
Pen
&
Quill
—magazine of Universal Autograph Collectors Club, Jan/Feb. 1985—original inscription, with associated documents in Forbes Archive, Forbes Gallery, NYC; (RN '64 visit)
NYT,
Apr. 2;
LAT,
Mar. 24, Apr. 2, 3, 4, 5; Pacific
Stars
&
Stripes,
Apr. 5, 1964;
MEM,
p. 257–; (“trip political”) Herbert Parmet to author, June 7, 1999 sending transcript of RN answer and Parmet,
Nixon,
op. cit., p. 452; (“unfortunate episode”) Appendix, Michael Forrestal to Mc-George Bundy, Subject South Vietnam, May 26, 1964, Southeast Asia Folder, 1961–1964, Vietnam General, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. 1, Doc. 178, NA; (footnote) ed. John Glennon,
Foreign Relations of the United States, Vietnam 1964,
Vol. 1, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov. Printing Office, 1992, p. 389fn.4; (“good deal more”) oral history int. John Michael Dunn, LBJL, pp. I, 24; (Schreck) pp. in draft of unpub. ms supplied to author by (son) Terry Schreck; ints. Terry and (widow) Sandie Schreck, and (former wife) Rose Mary Kelly; (Hughes) int. John Hughes; (Green Berets/SOG) John Plaster,
SOG, The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997, p. 19; John Prados,
The Hidden History of the Vietnam War,
Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1995, p. 76–; Sheehan, op. cit., p. 376–; NYT, Apr. 14, 1995; (camps/Cambodia border) Richard Stewart, Dept. of the Army Special Ops. Command to author, undated, 1996, with camp locations at Trang Sup and Loc Ninh; (Fr. Hoa)
Saturday Evening Post,
May 20, 1961;
Life,
Mar. 16, 1962; obit.
Central Daily News
(Taipei), Jan. 20, 1993; Douglas Valentine,
The Phoenix Program,
New York: Morrow, 1990, p. 37–; int. the late Bernard Yoh; (Lansdale) Valentine, op. cit., p. 25; Cecil Currey,
Edward Lansdale, The Unquiet American,
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988, p. 218; Sheehan, op. cit., refs.; (Lansdale/RN) e.g., Lansdale to RN, Nov. 20, 1960; Allen Dulles corr. file, Box 228, VP, NA, RN to “Ed,” Sept. 13, Oct. 29, 1965, Lansdale Collection, Box 54, Hoover Institution; David Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest,
New York: Random House, 1969, p. 207; (order to Special Forces) S3 Daily Journal of 5th Special Forces, 0700 Apr. 1–5, 1964, Military Section, NA, (Suitland); ('64 no prisoner exchange) Dept. of Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action
Office, Ref. Doc.,
U.S. Personnel Missing in Southeast Asia,
March 1998; int. John Horn, Dept. of Defense.

RN/Vietnam '64–'68:
(casualties '64) Defense Dept. statistics supplied by Center for Military History, Washington D.C.; ('67/'68 casualties) ed. Tucker, op. cit., p. 1093; (Truman-Johnson line) Karnow, op. cit., p. 30; (JFK right) Crowley,
Off the Record.
op. cit., p. 35/36; (advisers/backup) Karnow, op. cit., p. 270–; (RN urged/RFK “win”) ibid., p. 272; (“nothing less”)
NYT,
Apr. 4, 1964; (lacked “will”)
Reader's Digest,
Aug. 1964; (“win for America”) Parmet,
Nixon,
op. cit., p. 454; (RN “victory”) transcript,
Meet the Press,
NBC-TV, Sept. 12, 1965; (“no substitute”)
Reader's Digest,
Dec. 1965; (McNamara '66) Robert McNamara with Brian VanDeMark,
In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam,
New York: Times Books, 1995, p. 236–; (de Gaulle urged)
NYT,
Sep. 2, 1966; (de G./RN then) Sulzberger, op. cit., p. 157–; (De G./RN later)
MEM,
p. 374 and see Kissinger,
White House Years,
op. cit., p. 110; (“Uncle Elmer”) Bobst, op. cit., p. 270; (“disaster”) Garment, op. cit., p. 86; (“We must stop”) Bobst, op. cit. p. 329; (“idealism”) Garment, op. cit., p. 85; (“more than enough”/swing) Witcover, op. cit., p. 155–; (“World War III”) ibid. p. 137, speech to Nat. Assn. of Manufacturers, Dec. 3, 1965, and commencement address, University of Rochester, June 5, 1966, both in Series 8, Box 26A, Dewey Papers, University of Rochester; ('67 casualties) ed. Tucker, op. cit., p. 1093; (“escalation threatened”) McNamara with VanDeMark, op. cit., p. 269; (Helms) ibid., p. 293, citing Sept. 12, 1967 report; (“other war”) ibid., p. 266, citing May 19, 1967 memo; (“Oh, sure, honest”) Halberstam,
The Best and Brightest,
op. cit., p. 207—the U.S. official was Edward Lansdale; (“how soon?”) Terry Dietz,
Republicans and Vietnam,
New York: Greenwood Press, 1986, p. 117, citing
NYT;
(“massive pressures”) Deborah Shapley,
Promise and Power,
Boston: Little, Brown, 1993, p. 428; (“most Americans”) McNamara with VanDeMark, op. cit. p. 266; (20,000 march) ibid. p. 303; (limits to protest) RN statement re. Prof. Eugene Genovese of Rutgers University, Oct. 24, 1965, enc. in RN to Tom Dewey, and University of Rochester commencement address, June 5, 1966, both in Series 8, Box 26A, Dewey Papers, University of Rochester; (hawkish doubts) Whalen, op. cit., p. 17; (“flexibility”) ibid., p. 18.

RN/Vietnam '68:
(“What the hell?”) ibid., p. 26; (“peace with honor”) address by Pres. Nixon, Jan. 23, 1973,
Historical Documents,
Congressional Quarterly, 1973, p. 117–;
AMII,
pp. 190, 195, 224;
AMIII,
pp. 34, 40, 42;
MEM,
p. 757; Safire, op. cit., pp. 7, 48, 178; (nuclear weapons) Whalen, op. cit., p. 27; (“upsweep”) ibid., p. 29; (“mistake”/no RN reply) ibid., p. 76–; (tougher tactics call)
NYT,
Feb. 6, 1968, cited in Lyndon Johnson,
The Vantage Point,
New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971, p. 399; (“national interest”)
SF Chronicle,
Jan. 1, 1968; (“last ditch”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 80; (World War III)
SF Chronicle, supra.
; (“If in November”)
LAT,
Mar. 6, 1968; Witcover, op. cit., p. 258; Karnow, op. cit., p. 597;
MEM,
p. 298; (“Nothing lay”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 91; (Halberstam) Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest,
op. cit., p. 661; (Sheehan)
NYT,
Apr. 28, 1994; (“substantively”/“stupid war”) Whalen, op. cit., Ch. VIII; (speech drafted) full planned text at ibid., p. 283; (LBJ astonishing) Robert Dallek,
Flawed Giant,
New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 529; (RN would refrain)
AMII,
p. 149–; (“pragmatic splitting”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 135; (“political stroke”) ibid., p. 144; (“no way to win”) ibid., p. 137.

“Madman Theory”:
(“I call it . . .”) Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., pp. 83–; eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 82; (RN claimed “not remember”) Hoff, op. cit., p. 177; (Colson)
U.S. News
&
World Report,
May 2, 1994; (“convey to Dobrynin”) Kissinger,
White House Years,
op. cit., p. 305; (“impression . . . ‘crazy' ”) Garment, op. cit., pp. 174, 176–.

RN/Hatfield:
(“He gave assurances”) Mark Hatfield to Robert Klass, July 16, 1968, JFRP; (Hatfield announced) AP, June 27,(?) 1968; (end war 1st year) Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit, p. 121; (end war 6 months) int. John Rothmann, citing RN in meeting at NY apartment, 1967; (“stop it with victory”) int. by Flora Rheta Schreiber,
Good Housekeeping,
July 1968; (“in the Democratic process”) Hatfield, cited at Whalen, op. cit., p. 220.

Vietnam Peace Talks:
(LBJ effort) described inter alia in Bundy, op. cit., p. 20; Clark Clifford with Richard Holbrooke,
Counsel to the President,
New York: Random House, 1991, p. 567–; ed. David Barrett,
Lyndon B. Johnson's Vietnam Papers
, College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 1997. The author also read extensively in the holdings of the Lyndon B. Johnson Library, notably the daily diary, Ted Johnson's notes of meetings, Boxes 3 & 4, Clark Clifford Papers, Box 6, NSF, Country file Vietnam, “Memos to the President/Bombing Halt Decision,” Vols. 1–14, Boxes 137, 138, NSF, files of Walt Rostow, “Nixon, Richard—Vietnam,” Box 5, “Vietnam: July–Dec. 1968,” Box 115, diary backup, Oct. 31, 1968, Box 114, Nov. 11, 1968, Box 115, office files of Harry McPherson, Box 67, and numerous oral histories all in LBJL. See also “The 1968 Presidential Election & Peace in Vietnam,” article by Kent G. Seig, U.S. State Dept. Historian, in
Presidential Studies Quarterly,
XXVI. 4, Fall 1996, p. 1062; (Thieu announced)
AMII,
p. 212; (“not in cards”) Nguyen Tien Hung and Jerald Schecter,
The Palace File,
New York: Harper & Row, 1986, p. 21; (Humphrey promise re: bombing) Clifford with
Holbrooke, op. cit., p. 572fn; (reductions)
AMII,
p. 197; (“a chance”) Hung and Schecter, op. cit., p. 21—Hung was the close aide.

RN and peace initiative:
(“country above party”) transcript, RN on CBS Radio, Oct. 28, 1968, available in CO-4664, Dirksen Congressional Center, Pekin, IL; (“neither he nore I”)
NYT,
Nov. 1, 1968; (In private)
AMII,
p. 207 and see p. 216; (“probably decisive”) Clifford with Holbrooke, op. cit., p. 582; (“no truth at all”) note from Jim Jones, Nov. 3, 1968; Ref. File, “Chennault, Anna,” from folder “South Vietnam & U.S. Policies,” labeled “The ‘X' Envelope,” LBJL, hereafter referred to as X.