The Battle of Poitiers 1356 (18 page)

Michael Prestwich,
Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages. The English Experience
, New Haven, 1996.

A.E. Prince, ‘The Strength of English Armies in the Reign of Edward III’,
EHR
, xlvi (1931), 353-71.

Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Military Revolution of the Hundred Years’ War’,
Journal of Military History
, 57 (1993), 241-78;
War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360
, Woodbridge, 2000.

Matthew Strickland, ed.
Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France: Proceedings of the 1995 Harlaxton Symposium
, Stamford, 1998.

J.M. Tourneur-Aumont,
La bataille de Poitiers (1356) et la construction de la France
, Paris, 1940.

T.F. Tout, ‘Some Neglected Fights Between Crécy and Poitiers’,
EHR
, xx (1905), 726–30.

Nicholas Wright, Knights and Peasants.
The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside
, Woodbridge, 1998.

Archery and the Longbow

M. Bennett, ‘The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War’,
Arms, Armies and Fortifications
, ed. Curry and Hughes, 1-20.

Jim Bradbury,
The Medieval Archer
, New York, 1985.

Claude Gaier, ‘L’invincibilité anglaise et le grande arc après la guerre de cents ans: un mythe tenace’,
Tijdschrift voor gescheidenis
, 91 (1978), 378-85

Robert Hardy,
The Longbow
, Cambridge, 1976.

John Keegan,
Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme
, Harmondsworth, 1978, 78-116.

Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries,
War in History
, 5:2 (1998), 233-42.

Matthew Strickland and Robert Hardy,
The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose
, Stroud, 2005.

General Studies

C. Allmand,
The Hundred Years War: England and France at
War,
c.1300–c.1450
, Cambridge, 1988.

F. Autrand,
Charles V, le sage
, Paris, 1994.

J. Bothwell ed.,
The Age of Edward III
, Woodbridge, 2001.

Pierre Capra, ‘Les bases sociales du pouvoir anglo-gascon au milieu du xive siècle’,
Le Moyen Age
, 4ème sér. 30 (1975), 273-99; ‘L’évolution de l’administration anglo-gasconne au milieu du xive siècle’,
Bordeaux et les Iles britanniques du xiiie au xxe siècle
, [Actes du colloque franco-britannique tenu à York, 1973], Bordeaux, 1975, 19-25.

Anne Curry,
The Hundred Years War
, Houndmills, 1993.

R. Delachenal,
Histoire de Charles
V, 5 vols, Paris, 1909-31.

Jean Favier,
La Guerre de Cent Ans
, Paris, 1980.

C. Given-Wilson,
The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity: Service, Politics and Finance, 1360–1413
, New Haven and London, 1986;
The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
, London, 1987.

H.J. Hewitt,
Cheshire under the Three Edwards
, Chester, 1967.

M. Keen,
England in the Later Middle Ages
, London, 1973.

Margaret Wade Labarge,
Gascony. England’s First Colony 1204–1453
, London, 1980.

W.M. Ormrod,
The Reign of Edward III. Crown and Political Society in England
1327-77, New Haven and London, 1990.

M. Prestwich,
The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377
, 2nd ed. London, 2003;
Plantagenet England
, 1225–1360, Oxford, 2005.

Jonathan Sumption,
The Hundred Years War, I: Trial by Battle
, London, 1990;
The Hundred Years War, II: Trial by Fire
, London, 1999.

S.L. Waugh,
England in the Reign of Edward III
, Cambridge, 1991.

Chivalry and Ransoms

D’A.J.D. Boulton,
The Knights of the Crown. The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520
, 2nd ed., Woodbridge, 2000.

Hugh Collins,
The Order of the Garter, 1348–1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England
, Oxford, 2000.

C. Given-Wilson and F. Beriac, ‘Edward III’s Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context’,
EHR
, cxvi (2001), 802-33.

Chris Given-Wilson and Françoise Bériac-Lainé,
Les prisonniers de la bataille de Poitiers
, Paris, 2002.

R.W. Kaeuper,
Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe
, Oxford, 1999.

M. Keen,
The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages
, London, 1965.

M. Keen,
Chivalry
, New Haven and London, 1984;
Origins of the English Gentleman: Heraldry, Chivalry and Gentility in Medieval England, c.1300–c.1500
, Stroud, 2002.

J. Vale,
Edward III and Chivalry: Chivalric Society and its Context, 1270–1350
, Woodbridge, 1982.

M. Vale,
War and Chivalry:Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages
, London, 1981; The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe 1270–1380,
Oxford, 2001
.

Abbreviations

BL British Library

BPR
The Register of Edward the Black Prince Preserved in the Public Record Office
, ed. M.C.B. Dawes, 4 vols, London, 1930-33.

CCR Calendar of Close Rolls

CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls

CIPM Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem

EHR English Historical Review

GEC G.E. Cockayne,
The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland,Great Britain and the United Kingdom
, 13 vols in 14, repr. Gloucester, 2000

Henxteworth Day-book or
journale
of Sir John Henxteworth, Duchy of Cornwall Record Office

PRO Public Record Office (now The National Archives, Kew, London)

Rymer Thomas Rymer,
Foedera, Conventiones, Litterae etc
, London, 1708-9, rev. ed., A. Clark, F. Holbroke and J. Coley, 4 vols in 7 parts (Record Commission), 1816-69.

SHF Société de l’histoire de France

TRHS
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

VCH
Victoria County History

Notes

Introduction: The Black Prince and the Hundred Years War

1
The most recent biography of Edward of Woodstock is David Green,
The Black Prince
, Stroud, 2001. The prince’s life is evaluated in a wider context in David Green,
Edward the Black Prince: Power in Medieval Europe
, Harlow, 2007.

Chapter One: The
Grande Chevauchée
of 1355

1
BPR
, iv, 143-5; H.J. Hewitt,
The Black Prince’s Expedition of 1355-57,
Manchester, 1958, 21, 24. A.E. Prince, ‘The Strength of English Armies in the Reign of Edward III’,
EHR
, xlvi (1931), 353-71, estimated the men-at-arms brought by the chief captains to be as follows: Warwick, 120; Suffolk, 60; Salisbury, about 55; Cobham, 30; Lisle, 60. H.J. Hewitt, numbered Lisle’s retinue as 20 knights, 39 esquires and 40 mounted archers, citing PRO E372/200/7:
The Organisation of War Under Edward III
, Manchester, 1966, 35. In addition, Oxford may have had a contingent of 60 men-at-arms. All manuscript references hereafter will be to the Public Record Office unless stated otherwise.

2
BPR
, iii, 204-5, 214-16.

3
Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 15, 17; R. Delachenal,
Histoire de Charles V
, (5 vols), Paris, 1909-31, i, 124 n. 4.

4
BPR
, ii, 77; iv, 143-5; Clifford J. Rogers,
War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy Under Edward III, 1327-1360
, Woodbridge, 2000, 295 and n. 48; G.L. Harriss,
King, Parliament and Public Finance
, Oxford, 1975, 344-5. For the prince’s appointment and duties as lieutenant see Rymer, III, i, 307, 312.

5
R. Barber,
Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine. A Biography of the Black Prince
, Woodbridge, 1978, 113-14, 276.

6
Hewitt, Black Prince’s Expedition, 22-3, 80-1, 123; Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 220-1.

7
BPR
, iv, 157, 166-7.

8
Barber,
Edward
, 114.

9
C61/67/29; 8 Mar. 1355,
CCR
, 1354-60, 256; Rymer, III, i, 298-9, 302, 307-10, 323, 325.
BPR
, iv, 158, 160, 166; Thomas Carte,
Catalogue des rôles Gascons, Normans et Français dans les archives de la Tour de Londres
, 2 vols, London and Paris, 1746, i, 134.

10
C61/67/5; Kenneth Fowler,
The King’s Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster
, London, 1969, 147; B. Emerson,
The Black Prince
, London, 1976, 90. For a tentative list of the ships arrested for the prince’s use see Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 40-2. This excludes the Saint Mary cog of Winchelsea which, at 200 tons, was the largest ship in the fleet, E61/76/4; T.J. Runyan, ‘Ships and Mariners in Later Medieval England’,
Journal of British Studies
, 16:2 (1977), 2 n. 3. By 8 May, 44 ships were at Southampton for the prince’s use, E101/26/37. Ships were arrested for Warwick’s departure from 10 Mar. 1355, C61/67/14.

11
BPR
, ii, 80-8; ibid., iii, 212-6; ibid., iv, 78, 158, 161; Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 26.

12
Pierre Capra, ‘Le séjour du Prince Noir, lieutenant du Roi, à l’Archévêché de Bordeaux (20 Septembre 1355 - 11 Avril 1357)’,
Revue historique du Bordeaux et du département Gironde
, NS 7 (1958), 246-7; Margaret Wade Labarge,
Gascony. England’s First Colony
, 1204-1453, London, 1980, 136-7; Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 37. For the text of the oath and a list of witnesses see Henri Barckhausen ed.,
Livre de Coutumes
, (Archives Municipales de Bordeaux), 1890, 439-44, 487.

13
The term was used in the context of the Black Death by Jean Favier,
La Guerre de Cent Ans
, Paris, 1980.

14
CIPM
, x, no. 258; GEC, viii, 73-6; Jonathan Sumption,
The Hundred Years War, ii. Trial by Fire
, London, 1999, 175-6.

15
A.H. Burne,
The Crécy War: A Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1337 to the Peace of Brétigny, 1360
, London, 1955, 252; Henri Denifle,
La guerre de cent ans et la désolation des églises, monasteres et hospitaux en France
, Paris, 1902, ii, 86. See also Pierre Tucoo-Chala,
Gaston Fébus et la vicomté de Béarn (1343-1391)
, Bordeaux, 1959, 70. If not before, the prince and Gaston met on 17 Nov., Geoffrey Le Baker,
Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke, 1303-56
, ed. E.M. Thompson, Oxford, 1889, 128, 135, 138; Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 45; Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 128 n.1.