The Black History of the White House (59 page)

  69.
 O'Connell,
Ballad of Blind Tom
, p. 74; and Southall, “A Misrepresented and Neglected Composer-Pianist,” p. 90.

  70.
 O'Reilly,
Nixon's Piano
, p. 41; and Booker, 54–55.

  71.
 See Paul Finkelman,
Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Brief History With Documents
(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997); Don Edward Fehrenbacher,
Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press US, 1981); and Andrew P. Napolitano,
Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America
(Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Inc, 2009).

  72.
 Elise K. Kirk,
Music at the White House: A History of the American Spirit
(Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 72.

  73.
 Virginia Clay-Clopton and Ada Sterling,
A Belle of the Fifties: Memoirs of Mrs. Clay of Alabama, Covering Social and Political Life in Washington and the South, 1853–66
(New York: Doubleday, 1905), pp. 104–105.

  74.
 Kirk,
Music at the White House
, pp. 75–76; and O'Connell,
Ballad of Blind Tom
, p. 105.

  75.
 O'Connell,
Ballad of Blind Tom
, p. 115.

  76.
 Ibid,
Blind Tom: The Post–Civil War Enslavement of a Black Musical Genius,
p. 9.

  77.
 Following South Carolina, and before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, six other states voted for secession: Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), and Texas (February 1, 1861). They would be joined by four other states after the war started with an attack on Fort Sumter in North Carolina on April 12, 1861. These were Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), Tennessee (May 7, 1861), and North Carolina (May 20, 1861).

Chapter 5

    1.
 Jennifer Fleischner,
Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Keckly: The Remarkable Story of the Friendship Between a First Lady and a Former Slave
(New York: Broadway Books, 2003), pp. 285–287.

    2.
 See Elizabeth Keckley,
Behind the Scenes or Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House
(New York: The New York Printing Company, 1868). The book was published with the author's name spelled “Keckley,” rather than the correct “Keckly.”

    3.
 Ibid., pp. 20–21.

    4.
 Ibid., pp. 31–39.

    5.
 Fleischner,
Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Keckly
, p. 140.

    6.
 In 1848, Emerson had transferred the advocacy of the case to her brother, John Sanford. The Supreme Court reporter who registered the case, however, misspelled his name so the case has officially been registered as Dred Scott v. Sandford. See Paul Finkelman,
Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Brief History with Documents
(Boston: Bedford Books, 1997); and Mark A. Graber,
Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006).

    7.
 Keckley,
Behind the Scenes
, p. 49.

    8.
 Ibid., pp. 63–64.

    9.
 Ibid., pp. 69–73.

  10.
 Fleischner,
Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Keckly
, p. 200.

  11.
 Keckley,
Behind the Scenes
, pp. 84–85.

  12.
 Ibid., p. 127.

  13.
 Ibid., p. 105.

  14.
 Ibid., pp. 112–116.

  15.
 Fleischner,
Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Keckly
, p. 317.

  16.
 Stunningly, in his massive work on Lincoln focusing on the president's racial views, Lerone Bennett does not mention Keckly at all. He is not alone. See Lerone Bennett Jr.,
Forced Into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream
(Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, 2007)

  17.
 Bennett,
Forced Into Glory
, p. 531.

  18.
 Ibid., p. 532.

  19.
 Doris Kearns Goodwin, “Introduction,” in Philip B. Kunhardt III, Peter W. Kunhardt, and Peter W. Kunhardt Jr.,
Looking for Lincoln: The Making of an American Icon
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), p. ix.

  20.
 See Michael K. Fauntroy,
Republicans and the Black Vote
(Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2007).

  21.
 Roy P. Basler, ed., Marion Dolores Pratt and Lloyd A. Dunlap, asst. eds.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, Vol. 3 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1955), p. 264.

  22.
 Abraham Lincoln, Roy Prentice Basler, and Carl Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001), p. 404.

  23.
 Lincoln (Basler, ed.),
Collected Works
, 9 vols., 2:132

  24.
 Bennett,
Forced Into Glory
, pp. 464–465.

  25.
 See Robert Morgan, “The ‘Great Emancipator' and the Issue of Race: Abraham Lincoln's Program of Black Resettlement.” Institute for Historical Review website:
www.ihr.com
; and Allan Nevins,
The War For The Union
, Vol. 2, “War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863” (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), p. 10.

  26.
 See Michael Vorenberg, “Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization,”
Journal of Abraham Lincoln Association
, Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 24–45; Charles H. Wesley, “Lincoln's Plan for Colonizing the Emancipated Negroes,”
Journal of Negro History
4 (1919), pp. 7–21; and Don E. Fehrenbacher, “Only His Stepchildren: Lincoln and the Negro,”
Civil War History
20 (1974), pp. 307–8.

  27.
 Mitchell, a white minister, had written Lincoln earlier in the year, “Our republican system was meant for a homogeneous people. As long as blacks continue to live with
the whites they constitute a threat to the national life. Family life may also collapse and the increase of mixed breed bastards may some day challenge the supremacy of the white man.” Impressed with this rhetoric, Lincoln made the special appointment. See “James Mitchell to A. Lincoln,” May 18, 1862,
Lincoln Collection
, Vol. 76, f. 16044.; and P. J. Scheips, “Lincoln and the Chiriqui Colonization Project,”
Journal of Negro History
, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 426–427.

  28.
“The Colonization of People of African Descent,”
New York Tribune
, August 15, 1862.

  29.
 Ibid.

  30.
 Lincoln (Basler, ed.),
Collected Works
, Vol. 5, p. 371.

  31.
 Henry Jarvis Raymond,
History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches, Letters, Addresses, Proclamations, and Messages. With a Preliminary Sketch of His Life
(New York: J. C. Derby & N. C. Miller, 1864), p. 469.

  32.
 Ibid., p. 469.

  33.
 Ibid., p. 471.

  34.
 Ibid., p. 374.

  35.
 Ibid., p. 373.

  36.
 See Sheldon H. Harris,
Paul Cuffee: Black America and the African Return
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).

  37.
 See Stephen Ward Angell,
Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South
(Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1992).

  38.
 Kenneth C. Barnes,
Journey of Hope: The Back-to-Africa Movement in Arkansas in the Late 1800s
(Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 1–2.

  39.
 Thomas F. Schwartz,
For a Vast Future Also: Essays from the Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
(Bronx, NY: Fordham Univ. Press, 1999), p. 42.

  40.
 Edwin [
sic
] M. Thomas to A. Lincoln, August 16, 1862,
Lincoln Collection
, Vol. 84, ff. 17718–17719.

  41.
 Bennett,
Forced Into Glory
, p. 464.

  42.
 Isaiah C. Wears, “Lincoln's Colonization Proposal Is Anti-Christian,” in Foner and Walker,
Proceedings, 1865–1900,
p. 260.

  43.
 Ibid., p. 261.

  44.
 Frederick Douglass, “The President and His Speeches,”
Douglass Monthly
, September 1862.

  45.
 Ibid.

  46.
 Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York: Perennial Classics, 2002), p. 6; Benjamin P. Thomas and Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Biography
(Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 2008), p. 363; and Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
A History of the United States Since the Civil War
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917), p. 78.

  47.
 “General Fremont's Proclamation,” See John Charles Frémont website:
www.longcamp.com/proc4.html
.

  48.
 Allan Nevins,
Fremont: Pathmarker of the West
(Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1992).

  49.
 Horace Greeley,
The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States, 1860–1864
(Oxford Univ. Press, 1867), p. 246.

  50.
 Abraham Lincoln, “The President on the Negro Question, Executive Mansion,
Washington, August, 22, 1862,” letter to editor,
Harper's Weekly
, September 6, 1862, p. 563.

  51.
 Lincoln (Basler, ed.),
Collected Works
, Vol. 8, p. 403.

  52.
 Ibid., p. 404.

  53.
 James M. McPherson,
Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), p. 61.

  54.
 Henry Highland Garnet, “An Address to the Slaves of the United States,” in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1791–1971
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), p. 89.

  55.
 The pamphlet's full title was
Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America.

  56.
 See David Walker,
David Walker's Appeal: to the Coloured Citizens of the World, But in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America
(Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1993).

  57.
 Ibid., p. 73.

  58.
 Frederick Douglass, “The Meaning of the Fourth of July for the Negro,” in P. Foner,
Voice of Black America
, p. 117. See also James A. Colaiaco,
Frederick Douglass and the Fourth of July
(New York: Macmillan, 2007); and Bernard W. Bell, “The African-American Jeremiad and Frederick Douglass' Fourth of July 1852 Speech,” in Paul Goetsch and Gerd Hurm, eds.,
The Fourth of July: Political Oratory and Literary Reactions, 1776–1876
(Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1992), pp. 139–154.

  59.
 Douglass, “Meaning of the Fourth,” p. 114.

  60.
 Ibid., p. 115.

  61.
 Ibid., p. 126.

  62.
 Ibid., p. 128.

  63.
 Frederick Douglass,
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 336.

  64.
 Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, Vol. 3 (New York: International Publishers, 1975), p. 268. Ibid., p. 342.

  65.
 Ibid., p. 342.

  66.
 Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War
(Boston: Little, Brown Publishers, 1969), p. 117.

  67.
 Clinton, Catherine,
Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom
(Back Bay Books, Little, Brown and Company, 2004), p. 184

  68.
 Ibid.

  69.
 Ibid., p. 348.

  70.
 James W. Loewen,
Lies Across America: What Our Historical Sites Get Wrong
(New York: Touchstone–Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 255.

  71.
 Ibid. Also, see John Cimprich,
Fort Pillow, A Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory
(Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 2005); and John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note,”
Journal of American History
, November 1989, pp. 832–837.

  72.
 Quarles,
Negro in the Civil War
, pp. 347–349.

  73.
 Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds.,
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1996), p. 145.

  74.
 Douglass,
Life and Times
, p. 358.

  75.
 Ibid, 435.

  76.
 Keckley,
Behind the Scenes
, p. 158; and Douglass,
Life and Times
, p. 366.

  77.
 Allen Thorndike Rice, ed.,
Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time
(New York: North American Review, 1888), pp. 191–193.

  78.
 Bennett,
Forced Into Glory
, pp. 33–34.

  79.
 Douglass,
Life and Times
, pp. 370–372.

  80.
 P. Foner,
Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, Vol. 3, p. 314.

  81.
 Sojourner Truth, “Ain't I A Woman?” speech delivered at Women's Convention, Akron, Ohio, 1851. Historian Nell Painter points out, significantly, that it is not altogether clear what Truth said at the convention. There were various reports issued claiming to present the speech verbatim but many were in racist black dialect and reflected the opposition that some women had at the gathering to Truth speaking and linking the feminist cause with abolition. See Nell Painter,
Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), pp. 164–175.