The Black History of the White House (60 page)

  82.
 Carleton Mabee and Susan Mabee,
Sojourner Truth: Slave, Prophet, Legend
(New York Univ. Press, 1995), pp. 121–122.

  83.
 Ibid., Mabee and Mabee, p. 121.

  84.
 Ibid, p. 1,256.

  85.
 Bennett,
Forced Into Glory
, pp. 109–110.

  86.
 Carleton Mabee, “The Demise of Slavery,” in Martin H. Greenberg and Charles G. Waugh, eds.,
The Price of Freedom, Slavery and the Civil War
, Vol. 1 (Naperville, IL: Cumberland House, 2000), p. 353.

  87.
 See Sarah H. Bradford,
Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman
(Auburn, NY: W.J. Moses, 1869); Sarah H. Bradford,
Harriet, The Moses of Her People
(NY: Geo. R. Lockwood & Son, 1886); and Kate Clifford Larson,
Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero
(NY: Ballantine Books, December 2003).

  88.
 Catherine Clinton, Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom (Back Bay Books, Little, Brown and Company, 2004), p. 147.

  89.
 William Friedheim,
Freedom's Unfinished Revolution, American Social History Project
(New York: The New Press, 1996), p. 62.

  90.
 At this writing, Congress has introduced legislation (S. 227, Harriet Tubman National Historical Park and Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Act; and H.R. 1078, Harriet Tubman National Historical Park and Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Act) to honor Tubman.

  91.
 See W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007); and Eric Foner,
A Short History of Reconstruction
(New York: Harper & Row, 1990).

  92.
 See Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, eds.,
The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations
(New York: Fordham Univ. Press, 1999); and Paul A. Cimbala,
The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South After the Civil War
(Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub., 2005).

  93.
 Ira Berlin,
The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: the Lower South
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990), pp. 338–40.

  94.
 See Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005).

  95.
 Douglass,
Life and Times
, p. 364.

  96.
 James E. Sefton,
Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), p. 50.

  97.
 “The Late Convention of Colored Men,”
New York Times
, August 13, 1865.

  98.
 Albert Castel,
The Presidency of Andrew Johnson
(Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1979), p. 64.

Chapter 6

    1.
 “McCain Delivers Concession Speech,”
Washington Post
, November 4, 2008.

    2.
 Lena Doolin Mason, “A Negro In It,” in Daniel Wallace Culp, ed.,
Twentieth Century Negro Literature: or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro
(Naperville, IL: J. L. Nichols & Co., 1902), pp. 447–448.

    3.
 Marshall Everett,
Complete Life of William McKinley and Story of His Assassination
(Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2003), pp. 33–40.

    4.
 A sampling of the articles include “The Case of Jim Parker,”
Atlanta Constitution
, September 26, 1901; “Editorial and Publishers' Announcements,”
Colored American Magazine
, October 190; “Editorial Mention,”
Zion's Herald
, September 11, 1901; “Hanna Thanks ‘Big Jim,' ”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, September 10, 1901; and “Savannah Remembers Him,”
News and Courier
, September 10, 1901.

    5.
 “Tells His Story in a Modest Way,”
Afro-American-Ledger
, September 28, 1901.

    6.
 Daryl Rasuli, “James B. Parker Revisited,” University of Buffalo Library website:
http://library.buffalo.edu/exhibits/panam/essays/​rasuli/rasuli.html
.

    7.
 Czolgosz was convicted and sentenced to death on September 23, 1901 and executed in the electric chair on October 29, 1901.

    8.
 “Editorial Mention,”
Zion's Herald
, September 11, 1901.

    9.
 Rasuli, “Parker Revisited.”

  10.
 “The Case of Jim Parker,”
Atlanta Constitution,
September 26, 1901.

  11.
 “Negroes Applaud Parker,”
Atlanta Constitution
, September 13, 1901.

  12.
 Booker T. Washington, “Atlanta Exposition Address,” in Philip S. Foner,
The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797–1971
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), p. 581.

  13.
 Ibid., pp. 580–581.

  14.
 W. E. B. Du Bois,
Souls of Black Folk
s (New York: Signet Classic, 1995), pp. 80, 87.

  15.
 William Seale,
The President's House: A History
(Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association, 1986), p. 652.

  16.
 Kenneth O'Reilly,
Nixon's Piano: Presidents and Racial Politics From Washington to Clinton
(New York: The Free Press, 1995), p. 66.

  17.
 Ibid., p. 67.

  18.
 Ibid., p. 65; Michael Chapman, “TR: No Friend of the Constitution,”
Cato Policy Report
, November/December 2002, p. 6; David Levering Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919
(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993), p. 276.

  19.
 Theodore Roosevelt,
A Compilation of the Messages and Speeches of Theodore Roosevelt, 1901–1905
(New York: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1906), p. 564.

  20.
 Seale,
The President's House
, p. 652.

  21.
 Garry Wills,
Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Owner
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2005), p. 38. Also, see James P. P. Horn, Jan Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf,
The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic
(Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 2002), p. 314; David McCullough,
John Adams
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), p. 519; and Tim Matthewson,
A Proslavery Foreign Policy: Haitian-American Relations During the Early Republic
(Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003), p. 67.

  22.
 O'Reilly,
Nixon's Piano
, p. 68.

  23.
 Quoted in Gardiner Harris, “The Underside of the Welcome Mat,”
New York Times
, November 8, 2008.

  24.
 Louis Harlan,
Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1983), p. 4.

  25.
 Ibid., p. 5

  26.
 Ibid., p. 5.

  27.
 Ibid., p. 67.

  28.
 See John Riley, “White House Tea and No Sympathy: The DePriest Incident,” in
National History Day 2006 Curriculum Book
(Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association, 2006); White House Historical Association website:
www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs/images_subs/primary_1929.pdf
; John Hope Franklin,
From Slavery to Freedom
(New York: Vintage Books, 1969), p. 526.

  29.
 White House Historical Association, email to the author, October 15, 2010: According to the records at the White House curator's office, President Roosevelt had the name officially changed from Executive Mansion to White House, but did not issue an executive order to make the changes. They have a letter dated October 17, 1901, from the president's secretary to the Secretary of State which reads: My dear Sir, I am directed by the President to bring to your attention his desire To change the headings, or date lines, of all official papers and Documents requiring his signature from “Executive Mansion” to “White House.” In view of the approaching session of Congress, it will become necessary in preparing nominations for the Senate, as well as messages for either House of Congress, to observe the above change.

  30.
 Ronald W. Walters,
Black Presidential Politics: A Strategic Approach
(Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press, 1988), p. 21.

  31.
 See Edward Cary Royce,
The Origins of Southern Sharecropping
(Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1993).

  32.
 Douglas A. Blackmon,
Slavery By Another Name, The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
, (New York, Anchor Books, Random House: 2008) pp. 8–9.

  33.
 W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Spawn of Slavery: The Convict-Lease System in the South,” in Shaun L. Gabbidon and Helen Taylor Greene,
Race, Crime, and Justice: A Reader
(New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 3.

  34.
 Ibid., p. 4.

  35.
 Ibid., pp. 4–5.

  36.
 For a detailed discussion of the controversy, see Paul Leland Haworth,
The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876
(Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Company, 1906).

  37.
 Robert Vincent Remini,
Fellow Citizens: The Penguin Book of U.S. Presidential Addresses
(New York: Penguin Group, 2008), pp. 206–208.

  38.
 W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880
(New York: Free Press, 1998), p. 637, citing J.J. Alvord in
Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, p. 247.

  39.
 Justus D. Doenecke,
The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur
(Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1981), p. 48.

  40.
 Douglass,
Life and Times
, p. 522.

  41.
 Zachary Karabell,
Chester Alan Arthur
(New York: Macmillan, 2004), p. 127.

  42.
 Rayford Whittingham Logan,
The Betrayal of the Negro, From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), p. 83.

  43.
 Ibid., p. 82.

  44.
 U.S. Senate: Hiram Rhodes Revels (MS, 1870–71); Blanche Kelso Bruce (MS, 1875–81); and U.S. House of Representatives: Joseph Hayne Rainey (SC, 1870–1879), Jefferson Franklin Long (GA, 1871), Benjamin Sterling Turner (AL, 1871–73), Robert Carlos De Large (SC, 1871–73), Robert Brown Elliott (SC, 1871–1874), Josiah Thomas Walls (FL, 1871–76), Richard Harvey Cain (SC, 1873–75, 1877–79), Alonzo Jacob Ransier (SC, 1873–75), James Thomas Rapier (AL, 1873–75), John Roy Lynch (MS, 1873–77, 1882–83), Jeremiah Haralson (AL, 1875–77), John Adams Hyman (NC, 1875–1877), Charles Edmund Nash (LA, 1875–77), Robert Smalls (SC, 1875–79, 1882–87), James Edward O'Hara (NC, 1883–87), Henry Plummer Cheatham (NC, 1889–93), Thomas Ezekiel Miller (SC, 1890–91), John Mercer Langston (VA, 1890–91), George Washington Murray (SC, 1893–95, 1896–97), and George Henry White (NC, 1897–01). William L. Clay,
Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991
(New York: Amistad Press, 1992), pp. 355–356.

  45.
 Clay,
Just Permanent Interests
, p. 13.

  46.
 Ibid., p. 42.

  47.
 In 1900 White proposed one of the first anti-lynching bills in Congress, which would have made lynching a federal crime. It was ignored and died in the Judiciary Committee. See “George Henry White,” Black Americans in Congress website:
http://baic.house.gov/member-profiles/​profile.html?intID=22
.

  48.
 Thomas Walker Page, “The Real Judge Lynch,”
Atlantic Monthly
, December 1901, pp. 731–743.

  49.
 See “Photographs and Postcards of Lynching in America,” Without Sanctuary website:
www.withoutsanctuary.org/main.html
.

  50.
 Ida B. Wells, “Lynch Law,” in Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, Irvine Garland Penn, and Ferdinand L. Barnett (Robert W. Rydell, ed.),
The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition
(Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1999), p. 32.

  51.
 See Catherine Welch,
Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Powerhouse With a Pen
(Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 2000), p. 71; Mia Bay,
To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells
(New York: Macmillan, 2009), pp. 236–238; and Suzanne Freedman,
Ida B. Wells-Barnett and the Antilynching Crusade
(Minneapolis: Millbrook Press, 1994), p. 21.

  52.
 See Tom Henderson Wells, “The Phoenix Election Riot,”
Phylon
, 1st Quarter, 1970, pp. 58–69; Daniel Levinson Wilk, “The Phoenix Riot and the Memories of Greenwood County,”
Southern Cultures
, Vol. 8, 2002, pp. 29–55; David S. Cecelski,
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press Books, 1998).

  53.
 Eric Foner, John Arthur Garraty, and Society of American Historians,
The Reader's Companion to American History
(Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1991), p. 685.

  54.
 Walter White,
Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch
(Notre Dame, IN: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 2001), p. 97.

  55.
 Herbert Shapirio,
White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery
(Amherst, MA: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1988), pp. 142–143.