The Black History of the White House (64 page)

  47.
 “Preacher ends another electoral bid,” on CNN website:
http://us.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/​special/president/​candidates/sharpton.html
.

  48.
 Peter Wallsten, “Obama's New Partner: Al Sharpton,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 17, 2010.

  49.
 Ibid.

  50.
 Sally Cragin, “Black Leaders Press Obama on Economic Help for African-Americans,”
Boston Globe
, February 11, 2010.

  51.
 Maureen O'Donnell, “Panel Criticizes Obama's Handling of Black Agenda,”
Chicago Sun-Times
, March 21, 2010.

  52.
 Brigid Schulte, “Gingrich, Sharpton Finally Teammates: Close Education Gap,”
Washington Post
, May 17, 2009.

  53.
 David C. Ruffin, “Moseley Braun & Sharpton Eye Presidential Nominations; Funding is Likely to Be a Big Challenge for Both Campaigns,
Black Enterprise
, June 1, 2003, pp. 31-2.

  54.
 For a listing of Helms most outrageous statements and behavior, see John Nichols, “Jesse Helms, John McCain and the Mark of the White Hands,”
The Nation
, July 4, 2008.
http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/334586
.

  55.
 See Karen L. Cox,
Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture
(Gainsville: University of Florida, 2003).

  56.
 All quotes are from Marc Fisher, “When Sexuality Undercuts a Family's Ties,”
Washington Post
, February 13, 2005.

  57.
 “Obama Wins Senate Race to Become 5th Black U.S. Senator in History,”
USA Today
, November 2, 2004.

  58.
 Ibid, Fisher.

  59.
 Alan Keyes, “Obama's on the Verge of Outright Dictatorship. Loyal to Liberty:
http://loyaltoliberty.com/
.

  60.
 Dizzy Gillespie,
Dizzy To Be Or Not To Bop: The Autobiography of Dizzy Gillespie
(London: Quartet Books Limited, 1982), p. 456.

  61.
 Ibid, p. 453.

  62.
 Ibid, p. 453.

  63.
 Ibid, p. 454.

  64.
 Ibid, pp. 454–457.

  65.
 Ibid, p. 456.

  66.
 See Kay Mills,
This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
(New York: Dutton, 1993).

  67.
 Fannie Lou Hamer, “Testimony Before the 1964 DNC Credentials Committee,” in Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor, eds,
Civil Rights Since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle
(New York: New York University Press, 2000), p. 522.

  68.
 Ibid, pp. 522–523

  69.
 John Dittmer,
Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi
(Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1995).

  70.
 John Fordham, “Dizzy for President,”
Guardian
, October 20, 2004.

  71.
 Ibid, Gillespie, p. 460.

  72.
 Eldridge Cleaver, “Revolution in the White Mother Country and National Liberation in the Black Colony,” in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797-1971
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), pp. 1104-1105.

  73.
 Huey Newton, “In Defense of Self-Defense: Exeuctive Mandate Number One,” in Philip Sheldon Foner and Clayborne Carson, eds.,
The Black Panthers Speak
(New York: Da Capo Press, 2002), p. 41.

  74.
 See Dan Georgakas and Marvin Surkin, Detroit: I Do Mind Dying: A Study in Urban Revolution (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1998); and Peniel E. Joseph,
Waiting ‘til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America
(New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2006).

  75.
 Eldridge Cleaver for President Fund, “Cleaver for President,”
New York Times
, November 7, 1968.

  76.
 See Eldridge Cleaver,
Soul on Fire
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968); Eldridge Cleaver,
Soul on Fire
(Waco, TX: Word Books, 1978); and; Robert Scheer, ed.,
Eldridge Cleaver: Post-Prison Writings and Speeches
, (New York: Vintage Books, 1969).

  77.
 John Kifner, “Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther Who Became G.O.P. Conservative, Is Dead at 62,”
New York Times
, May 2, 1998.

  78.
 Bruce Headlam, “For Him, the Political Has Always Been Comical,”
New York Times
, March 13, 2009.

  79.
 Paul Krassner,
Who's to Say What's Obscene? Politics, Culture and Comedy in America Today
(San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2009), p. 35.

  80.
 “Dick Gregory Biography.” See AEI Speakers Bureau website:
http://www.aeispeakers.com/print.php?SpeakerID=461
.

  81.
 Dick Gregory,
Write Me In!
(New York: Bantam Books, 1968), p. 24.

  82.
 Ibid, p. 18.

  83.
 Ibid, p. 49.

  84.
 Ibid, p. 104.

  85.
 Ibid, p. 58.

  86.
 See Mark Lane and Dick Gregory,
Code Name “Zorro”: The Murder of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977).

  87.
 George E. Jordan, “Fulani Party Raises Funds Creatively,”
New York Newsday
, April 6, 1992.

  88.
 Marina Ortiz, “The New Alliance Party: Parasites in Drag,”
The NY Planet,
March 31, 1993. The Public Eye website:
http://www.publiceye.org/newman/critics/​NY-Planet-1993.html
.

  89.
 Ibid, Jordan.

  90.
 Ibid, Oritz.

  91.
 For Fulani's own assessment of her campaigns, see Lenora B. Fulani,
The Making of a Fringe Candidate, 1992
(New York: Castillo International, 1992.)

  92.
 Michael T. Martin and Marilyn Yaquinto,
Redress for Historical Injustices in the United States: On Reparations for Slavery, Jim Crow, and Their Legacies
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), pp. 602, 604.

  93.
 Paulette Pierce, “The Roots of the Rainbow Coalition,”
The Black Scholar
, March/April 1988, p. 9.

  94.
 Ron Daniels, announce speech, October 14, 1991, Washington, D.C.

  95.
 Cynthia McKinney, “Acceptance Remarks,” Green Party Convention, Chicago, Illinois, July 12, 2008. See Independent Political Report website:
http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/​2008/07/mckinneys-​acceptance-speech/
.

  96.
 David Garrow,
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(New York: Vintage Books, 1988), p. 553.

  97.
 Peter John Ling,
Martin Luther King, Jr.
(New York: Routledge, 2002), 270.

  98.
 Ibid, Garrow, p.558.

  99.
 Ibid, p. 559.

100.
 
http://www.yourdiscovery.com/​top-20-ultimate-discovery/​martin-luther-king​-whatif/index.shtml
.

101.
 See Colin Powell,
My American Journey: An Autobiography
(New York: Random House, 1995); and Clarence Lusane,
Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice: Foreign Policy, Race and the New American Century
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006).

102.
 Colin Powell,
My American Journey
(New York: Ballantine, 1995), p. 19.

103.
 For more on the racial views of Powell and Condoleezza Rice, see Clarence Lusane,
Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice: Foreign Policy, Race, and the New American Century
(Westport, CT: Prager, 2006).

104.
 Jane Mayer, “Whatever It Takes: The Politics of the Man Behind '24,'”
The New Yorker
, February 19, 2007. See
The New Yorker
website:
http://www.newyorker.com/​reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_​fact_mayer?printable=​true#ixzz0f914fO1F
.

105.
 Ibid, Mayer; and Human Rights Watch “Primetime Torture” project
http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/us_law/etn/​primetime/index.asp
.

106.
 Scott Sonner, “Dennis Haysbert: I Helped Pave Obama's Way,” Huffington Post, July 1, 2008. See Huffington Post website:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/​2008/07/01/dennis-haysbert-i​-paved-o_n_110359.html
.

Chapter 9

    1.
 Thomas D. Morris,
Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North: 1780–1861
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974), pp. 5, 130.

    2.
 Most of the ancestral data cited here regarding Michelle Obama comes from research by genealogist Megan Smolenyak Smolenyak and researchers at the
New York Times
. Data cited here comes from that research unless otherwise cited. See Rachel L. Swarns and Jodi Kantor, “In First Lady's Roots, a Complex Path From Slavery,”
New York Times
, October 7, 2009.

    3.
 W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007) p. 44.

    4.
 Henry Louis Gates, “Shared Ancestries Revealed,”
New York Times
, October 8, 2009.

    5.
 Richard Schneirov and Thomas J. Suhrbur,
Union Brotherhood, Union Town: The History of the Carpenters' Union of Chicago, 1863–1987
(Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1988), p. 156.

    6.
 Ibid., p. 157.

    7.
 Ibid., p. 158.

    8.
 See Mattias Gardell,
In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam
Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 1996).

    9.
 The other individual was Republican senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts (1967–1979).

  10.
 Shailagh Murray, “A Family Tree Rooted in American Soil: Michelle Obama Learns About Her Slave Ancestors, Herself and Her Country,”
Washington Post
, October 2, 2008.

  11.
 Pete Thamel, “Coach With a Link to Obama Has Hope for Brown's Future,”
New York Times
, February 16, 2007.

  12.
 For more on Craig Robinson, see Craig Robinson,
A Game of Character: A Family Journey From Chicago's Southside to the Ivy League and Beyond
(New York: Penguin, 2010).

  13.
 Michelle LaVaughn Robinson, “Princeton Educated Blacks and the Black Community,” B.A. thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1985, pp. 12–13.

  14.
 BBC, “Interview with Martin Luther King,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/​world_news_america/​7838851.stm
. Accessed July 26, 2009.

  15.
 Ibid.

  16.
 Ibid.

  17.
 Ibid.

  18.
 See David Garrow,
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(New York: Harper, 2004); and Charles E. Fager,
Selma 1965: The March That Changed the South
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1985).

  19.
 Joseph Loftus, “U.S. Tells World of Rights Strife,”
New York Times
, May 27, 1961.

  20.
 Barack Obama, “Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq,” speech at Chicago Anti-War Rally, October 2, 2002. See Organizing for America website:
http://www.barackobama.com/​2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois​_state_sen.php

  21.
 Robert Freeman, “The Bush Budget Deficit Death Spiral,” Common Dreams, October 22, 2004. See commondreams.org:
http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1022-26.htm
; and “White House Projects Record Deficit for 2009,” CNN, July 28, 2009. See
CNN.com
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/​POLITICS/07/28/2009.​deficit/index.html
.

  22.
 During the long campaign, Clinton's changing slogans of change included “Working for Change, Working for You,” “The Strength and Experience to Make Change Happen,” “The Change We Need,” and “Ready for Change, Ready to Lead.” R. Sebastian Gibson, “The Marketing Of Presidential Candidates Using Trademarks and Campaign Slogans,” October 24, 2008, HG.org website:
www.hg.org/article.asp?id=5600
.

  23.
 Chuck Todd and Sheldon Gawiser,
How Barack Obama Won: A State-By-State Guide to the Historic 2008 Presidential Election
(New York: Vintage Books, 2009), p. 10.

  24.
 Chris Kromm, “Analysis: A New South Rising,”
Facing South
, November 23, 2008; and Chris Kromm, “Election 2008: The Generation Gap: Young white voters in the South,”
Facing South
, November 12, 2008.

  25.
 Barack Obama,
Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004).

  26.
 “Hillary's Team Has Questions About Obama's Muslim Background,”
Insight
, January 17, 2007. Republished on WorldTribune.com.

  27.
 “CNN debunks false report about Obama,” CNN, January 23, 2007; and editorial, “Sticks, Stones and Mr. Obama,”
Washington Post
, January 28, 2007.

  28.
 Fox Butterfield, “First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review,”
New York Times
, February 6, 1990.
www.nytimes.com/1990/​02/06/us/first-black-​elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html
.

  29.
 David Nitkin and Harry Merritt, “A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History: Census Records, Genealogical Research Show Forebears of Obama's Mother Had Slaves,”
Baltimore Sun
, March 2, 2007.