The Black History of the White House (61 page)

  56.
 Theodore Roosevelt, IV,
State of the Union Addresses of Theodore Roosevelt
(London: Echo Library, 2007), p. 165.

  57.
 “Taft Condemns Lynching: President Says Man That Pulls the Rope Should Hang by the Rope,”
New York Times
, April 10, 1912; and “Taft Deplores Lynching: The Remedy, He Tells The Times, Is Better Enforcement of the Law,”
New York Times
, June 27, 1912.

  58.
 O'Reilly,
Nixon's Piano
, p. 78.

  59.
 Germany would also raise the issue again during the Nazi era. Ernest Allen Jr., “‘Close Ranks': Major Joel E. Spingarn and the Two Souls of Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois,”
Contributions in Black Studies
, Vol. 3, 1979, p. 6.

  60.
 See “Warren G. Harding,” Marion County Historical Society website:
http://marionhistory.com/wgharding/harding-2.htm
.

  61.
 “Harding for Kellogg Bill; President Prefers It to Dyer Anti-Lynching Measure,”
New York Times
, August 28, 1922.

  62.
 Melvyn Stokes,
D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation: A History of “The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time”
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007), p. 111.

  63.
 John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, “J. Edgar Hoover Message Condemning Lynching,” American Presidency Project website:
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=22360
.

  64.
 Franklin, p. 526.

  65.
 Richard Polenberg,
The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933–1945: A Brief History with Documents
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), p. 30.

  66.
 Donald Grant,
The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia
(Athens, GA: Univ. of Georgia Press, 2001), p. 331; and Garth E. Pauley,
The Modern Presidency & Civil Rights: Rhetoric on Race from Roosevelt to Nixon
(College Station, TX: Texas A&M Univ. Press, 2001), pp. 26–27.

  67.
 Ira Katznelson.
When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005), p. 17.

  68.
 It should be noted here that during the nineteenth century, until the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, Southern legislators received an advantage because of the three-fifths clause in the Constitution. For the purposes of House representation, 60 percent of their black populations was counted as part of the overall state population, even though black people themselves were denied the right to vote. After the amendments and the reinstitution of black disenfranchisement, the entire black population was included in Southern population totals, although nearly all were denied the right to vote. The larger numbers increased Southern membership in Congress still further.

  69.
 Katznelson,
An Untold Story
, p. 22.

  70.
 Ibid., p. 32.

  71.
 Richard Sterner,
The Negro's Share: A Study of Income, Consumption, Housing, and Public Assistance
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1943), p. 214.

  72.
 Alferdteen Harrison,
Black Exodus: The Great Migration from the American South
(Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1992), pp. 10–11.

  73.
 David Bositis,
Blacks and the 1992 Democratic National Convention (
Washington,
D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1992), p. 29; and David Greenberg, “The Party of Lincoln . . . But not of Hayes, Harrison, Hoover, Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, or Bush,”
Slate
, August 10, 2000,
Slate
website:
www.slate.com/id/87868
.

  74.
 Bositis,
Blacks and the 1992 Democratic National Convention
, p. 29.

  75.
 Paul Robeson,
Paul Robeson Speaks: Writings, Speeches, Interviews, 1918–1974
(New York: Citadel Press, 1978), p. 173.

  76.
 For more information on lynchings and the anti-lynching campaigns, see James E. Cutler,
Lynch-Law: An Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States
(New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969); Walter F. White,
The Fire in the Flint
(New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969); Walter F. White,
Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch
(Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001); Ralph Ginsburg,
100 Years of Lynchings
(Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1996); Ida B. Wells,
On Lynching; Southern Horrors; A Red Record; Mob Rule in New Orleans
(New York: Arno Press, 1969); James R. McGovern,
Anatomy of a Lynching
(Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1982); and Trudier Harris,
Exorcising Blackness: Historical and Literary Lynching and Burning Rituals
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984.

  77.
 Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Senate Issues Apology Over Failure on Lynching Law,”
New York Times
, June 14, 2005.

  78.
 Daniel B. Wood, “Racist Acts at UC San Diego Underscore Deeper Tension on Campus,”
Christian Science Monitor
, March 2, 2010.

  79.
 Philip Dray, “Noose: The True History of a Resurgent Symbol of Hate,”
Boston Globe
, December 2, 2007.

  80.
 See Fisk Jubilee Singers website:
www.fiskjubileesingers.org/music.html
.

  81.
 Dominique-René de Lerma, “The Violin in Black Music History,” December 31, 2008, Myrtle Hart Society website:
http://myrtlehart.org/content/view/275/5/

  82.
 James Oliver Horton,
Landmarks of African American History
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press US, 2005), p. 99.

  83.
 Email correspondence between Kenneth B. Morris, Jr. and author, September 30, 2010.

  84.
 Walter Christmas, Negroes in Public Affairs and Government Educational Heritage, 1966 p. 306.

       Reid Badger, A Life in Ragtime: A Biography of James Reese Europe (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995), p. 24.

  85.
 Ibid.

  86.
 Ibid.

  87.
 “This Week in Black History,” Jet, July 4, 1983, p. 23;
Negro Year Book and Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro
(Tuskegee, AL: Negro Year Book Publishing Co., 1916), p. 288; and C. Edward Spann and Michael Edward Williams, Presidential Praise: Our Presidents and Their Hymns (Macon, GA: Mercer Univ. Press, 2008), p. 165.

  88.
 “This Week in Black History,”
Jet
, July 4, 1983, p. 23;
Negro Year Book and Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro
(Tuskegee, AL: Negro Year Book Publishing Co., 1916), p. 288; and C. Edward Spann and Michael Edward Williams,
Presidential Praise: Our Presidents and Their Hymns
(Macon, GA: Mercer Univ. Press, 2008), p. 165.

  89.
 Kenneth B. Morris Jr., “New Shoes,” public talk, Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association Public Meeting, Washington, D.C., September 15, 2007.

  90.
 Kirk,
Music at the White House
, p. 365.

  91.
 Deborah McNally, “Marie Selika,” Blackpast.org website:
www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/williams-marie-selika-c-​1849-1937
.

  92.
 “Madame Marie Selika: First African American to Perform at the White House.” See Ohio's Yesterdays website:
http://ohiosyesterdays.blogspot.com/2009/01/madame-marie​-selika-first​-african.html
.

  93.
 Kirk,
Music at the White House
, p. 365.

  94.
 Ibid., pp. 151–152; and African American Registry website:
www.aaregistry.com/detail.​php?id=1232
.

  95.
 Kirk,
Music at the White House
, p. 229. See also Marian Anderson,
My Lord, What a Morning; an Autobiography
(New York: Viking Press, 1956); Jerri Ferris,
What I Had Was Singing: The Story of Marian Anderson
(Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1994); and Allan Keiler,
Marian Anderson: A Singer's Journey
(New York: Lisa Drew/Scribner, 2000).

  96.
 Kirk,
Music at the White House
, p. 230.

  97.
 Ibid., p. 308.

  98.
 Ibid., p. 342.

  99.
 “Biography of Grace Bumbry.” Kennedy Center website:
www.kennedy-center.org/​calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=​showIndividual&entity_id=​56004&source_type=A
.

100.
 Ibid.

101.
 Anne Midgette, “ ‘Always in Character Onstage,' ”
Washington Post
, December 6, 2009.

102.
 Alonzo Fields,
My 21 Years at the White House
(New Castle, DE: Coward-McCann, 1961).

103.
 “White House Staff: Then & Now. Alonzo Fields.” See Harry S. Truman Library and Museum website:
www.trumanlibrary.org/educ/fields1.htm
.

104.
 Ibid.

105.
 “21 Years in the White House,”
Ebony
, October 1982, p. 62.

106.
 Fields,
My 21 Years
, p. 14.

107.
 “Alonzo Fields,” Truman Library and Museum website.

108.
 “21 Years in the White House” (
Ebony
), p. 66.

109.
 Ibid., p. 64.

110.
 Ibid, p. 62.

111.
 Ibid.

112.
 “Maitre d' to Presidents John Ficklin Retires; Guest At White House,”
Jet
, August 15, 1983, p. 24.

113.
 Bob Dart, “Ex–White House Butler Takes Seat as Honored Guest,”
Sunday Star News
(Wilmington, DE), July 24, 1983.

114.
 “The Working White House,” White House Historical Association website:
www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_exhibits/working_whitehouse/d3_working-family_c.html
.

115.
 Lillian Rogers Parks,
My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House
(Mountain View, CA: Ishi Press, 2008)

116.
 Robert Thomas, “Lillian Parks, 100, Dies; Had ‘Backstairs' White House View,”
New York Times
, November 12, 1997.

117.
 Milton S. Katz, “E. Frederick [
sic
] Morrow and Civil Rights in the Eisenhower Administration,”
Phylon
, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2nd Quarter, 1981), p. 133.

118.
 O'Reilly,
Nixon's Piano
, p. 167; Katz, “Morrow and Civil Rights,” p. 133.

119.
 Katz, “Morrow and Civil Rights,” p. 134.

120.
 Ibid, pp. 134–135.

121.
 Ibid, pp. 136–137.

122.
 Ibid., p. 137.

123.
 Ibid., p. 141.

124.
 Katz, p. 143.

Chapter 7

    1.
 Stokely Carmichael, “What We Want,” in Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor,
Civil Rights Since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle
(New York: New York Univ. Press, 2000), p. 612.

    2.
 Abraham Bolden,
The Echo From Dealey Plaza: The True Story of the First African American on the White House Secret Service Detail and His Quest for Justice After the Assassination of JFK
(New York: Harmony Books, 2008), p. 26.

    3.
 See House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) Vol. X, pp. 161, 172–175, 193; HSCA 180-10070–10273; HSCA 180-10070–10276; HSCA 180-10080–10154; Warren Commission internal memo dated 4-30-64; Warren Commission document 117; and Warren Commission, Vol. XXV.

    4.
 The Kennedy Records Act mandated that that all assassination-related material be housed in a single collection in the National Archives and Records Administration. See President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collections Act. Access Reports website:
www.accessreports.com/statutes/JFK.ACT.htm
; Lamar Waldron,
Ultimate Sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba, and the Murder of JFK
(New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005), pp. 258–259, 620–621, 632–633; and Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann, “After 45 Years, a Civil Rights Hero Waits for Justice,” June 12, 2009, Huffington Post website:
www.huffingtonpost.com/thom-hartmann/after-45-years-a-civil-ri_b_213834.html
.

    5.
 Philip H. Melanson,
The Secret Service: The Hidden History of an Enigmatic Agency
(New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005), p. 10.

    6.
 See Ronald Kessler,
In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect
(New York: Crown, 2009).

    7.
 See James Farmer,
Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement
(New York: Arbor House, 1985).

    8.
 Taylor Branch,
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), p. 470.

    9.
 Bolden,
Echo From Dealey Plaza
, p. 17.

  10.
 Ibid., p. 16.

  11.
 Ibid., p. 5.

  12.
 Ibid., p. 37.

  13.
 Ibid., pp. 23–24.

  14.
 Ibid., 19.

  15.
 Ibid., pp. 34–35.

  16.
 See Wilson Fallin,
The African American Church in Birmingham, Alabama, 1815– 1963: A Shelter in the Storm
(New York: Taylor & Francis, 1997).

  17.
 United Press International, “Six Dead After Church Bombing,” September 16, 1963, Washington Post website:
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm​/churches/archives1.htm
.

  18.
 Ibid., Waldron,
Ultimate Sacrifice
, pp. 595–651.