The Black History of the White House (76 page)

race-neutral strategies,
458

racial apartheid,
16

racial barriers, pushing,
298–299

racial control structure, Southern legislator protection,
255

racial controversy, issues (manifestation),
34

racial disparities, continuation,
449–451

racial divisions, surmounting (Obama),
442

racial equality (Roosevelt),
271

racial exclusion, objective,
70

racial hostage,
456

racial incidents, significance,
32–33

racialized customs/policies/laws, impact,
51

racial justice

organization, increase,
232–233

U.S. Constitution, relationship,
66–75

racial power structure, perpetuation,
232

racial profiling,
463–464

promotion,
21

racism

backlash,
129

continuation,
244–258

erasure, U.S. Constitution avoidance,
68–69

impact,
24–25

issue, cessation (claims),
449

overtness, unacceptability,
452–453

racists, viciousness,
19

Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877),
216

Rainbow Alliance,
393–394

Rainbow Coalition,
369

demobilization (
See
National Rainbow Coalition)

Rainey, Joseph Hayne,
243

Randolph, A. Philip,
287
,
300

Eisenhower meeting,
275–276

youth march organization,
277

Reagan, Ronald

anti-black actions,
317–332

black cabinet appointments, scarcity,
319

Bumbry performance,
266

conservative black activists, usage,
318

constructive engagement policy,
317–318

defeat,
368

election,
393

jazz performances,
342–343

NEA cuts,
343

popularity,
370

USDA Office of Civil Rights elimination,
469

Reagan, Ronald (racial issues),
31

Reconstruction,
169
,
458

efforts,
24

experiment, launching,
28

rise/fall,
215–218

Red Shirts, brutality,
233–234

Red Summer (1919),
252
,
351

Reed, Philip,
128–129

Reform Party, Buchanan nomination,
395

reforms, enforcement (passivity/timidity),
300

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke,
decision (1977-1978),
315–316

Reid, Harry (mosque opinion),
460

Reid, W.L.,
359

Remains of the Day, The
,
268

Republican Congress (1995-2007), hyper-reactionary characteristic,
455–456

Republican Party

black candidates,
365

Du Bois criticism,
231–232

Republican Women's Conference, segregationist policy (Morrow criticism),
277

Residence Act (1790),
87

reverse racism, Obama sanction (charges),
467

Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM),
279
,
389

revolutionary leaders, independence declaration,
80

revolutionary movement, blacks (involvement),
48–49

Revolutionary War

debts, assumption,
88

Jefferson, impact,
59

veterans, armed uprising,
67

Rhode Island, slavery (importance),
55

Rice, Condoleezza,
449
,
478

domestic/race opinions,
328

photograph,
326

political authority/power,
320

position, strengthening,
327

Richard (Jefferson slave),
48
,
59

Richmond (Hercules' son),
90

Roach, Max,
304
,
338
,
342
,
384

Robert Morris House,
86

Roberts, Richard (conflict of interest),
294–295

Robertson, Carol (murder),
287

Robertson, Dale,
453

Robeson, Paul,
268

delegation,
257

Robinson, Deborah A. Robinson,
296

Robinson, Jackie,
276–277
,
280
,
286

Robinson, Jim,
422

Robinson III, Fraser,
422–424

Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society, Douglass speech,
201–203

Rock, Chris,
407

Rodney, Red,
344

Rogers, Maggie,
270

Rollins, Sonny,
342

Rolph, James (lynching celebration),
254

Roosevelt, Alice,
230

Roosevelt, Eleanor,
253
,
256

black opera performer support,
263–264

racial equality,
271

White House staff interaction,
268

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

blacks, invitation,
230

black vote,
257

crises,
23

emergencies,
29

Great Depression jobs creation,
255

historic policies,
22

lynching reaction,
253–254

Obama admiration,
16

White House

Campbell rule,
83

interracial socializing,
253

Roosevelt, Theodore

lynching blame,
250

Roosevelt, Theodores,
17–18

attacks, viciousness,
228–229

racial equality, perception,
226

rights/racism, middle ground,
226–227

Washington dinner,
219

damage control,
229–230

Washington visit, problems,
225–227

white superiority belief,
227

writings/speeches, anti-black tone,
226

Rove, Karl,
330

Rowan, Carl (Nixon enemy),
310

Ruffin, Faith,
99

Ruiz, José,
153

Rumsfeld, Donald,
329

Rush, Bobby (Obama challenge),
420

Rusin, Bayard (Nixon enemy),
310

Rustin, Bayard,
385–386

 

Sadat, Anwar,
265–266

Salahi, Tareq/Michaele,
297

Salinger, Pierre,
286

Sanford, Irene,
162

Santayana, George,
19

Sargent, Francis W.,
320

Sayres, Edward

larceny charge,
139

Pearl
captain,
138

prison term,
140–141

school desegregation, Nixon delays,
309

Schwerner, Michael,
393

Scott, Dred,
162

decision,
194

overthrowing,
196

defense,
172

Scott, Harriet (defense),
172

Scott, Hazel,
336

Seale, Bobby,
388
,
390

Seale, William,
143–144

secession,
Corner Store
call,
161–162

Second Continental Congress,
57–59

“Second Reconstruction” (Woodward),
299–300

Second Republic, declaration,
137

Secret Service

Bolden accusations,
280–281

Department of Homeland Security control,
282

discrimination,
291–293

emails, inappropriateness,
295–296

files, destruction,
291–292

justice, obstruction,
292–294

Lincoln authorization,
281–282

Office of Professional Responsibility, formal investigation delay,
296

racial actions,
295–296

security breakdown,
297

Seddon, James A.,
205

segregation, White House acknowledgment,
283

segregationist policy (Pennsylvania Abolition Society),
94

Seigenthaler, John (attack),
283

Senate Bill (SB 1070), Arizona passage,
21

Sengbe Pieh (Cinque),
153

Separate but equal premise,
242

separate by equal black codes, enforcement,
17

Separation, Lincoln desirability,
186

Separation of powers principle, Buchanan violation,
162–163

September 11 attacks,
282

alternative commission, McKinley advocacy,
399

Bush rating,
430

Bush White House response,
23–24

Serrette, Dennis,
381
,
393–394

Shabazz, King Samir,
461

Shabazz, Malik Zulu,
462

Shakespeare, William,
357

Shanley, Bernard,
273

sharecropping

impact,
236

system, Du Bois examination,
237

Sharp, Granville,
53

Sharpton, Al,
374–377

debates,
375

Shays' Rebelion (1786),
67
,
69

Shearing, George,
343

Sherman, William Tecumseh (Special Order 15),
215
,
470

Johnson, impact,
217

Sherrod, Charles,
472

Sherrod, Shirley

attack, NAACP caution,
472

discrimination charge/aftermath/irony,
465–475

FSC/BFAA support,
472–473

FSC employment,
471

mother, civil rights leader,
471–472

NAACP reconciliation,
474

prejudicial feelings, overcoming,
468

resignation, pressure,
467–468

USDA discrimination victim,
469

Shields, Christianne/Henry,
415

Shields, Dolphus,
416–418

Shields, Marian Lois,
422–423

Shields, Purnell/Rebecca,
418–419

Shields, Robert,
418

Shorter, Wayne,
344
,
346

Shubert, William,
158

Sikes, Richard T.,
289–290

Simmons, Michael,
306

Simms, Camilla,
293

Singh, Manmohan,
297

sit-ins (1960), impact,
282–283

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Ku Klux Klan bomb (1963),
287

Skief, John,
100

Skinner, Kiron K.,
329

slave catcher abductions,
104–105

slaveholders, U.S. Constitution concession,
40

Slave Nation
(Blumrosen/Blumrosen),
52

slave-owning class

entrenchment/obduracy,
75

interests, safety,
57–58

slave pen, photograph,
106

slavery

axis,
74

British rejection,
52

cessation, failure,
50–56

compromise,
55–56

Congressional abolition,
177

Constitution protection,
69

Declaration of Independence perspective,
63

defense,
152–153

evil, Washington opposition,
38

expansion, debate,
145

federal government prohibition, petitioning,
96

Jackson defense,
149

Jefferson, relationship (complication),
58–59

Lincoln White House resolution,
27–28

Mansfield opinion,
54

onset,
62–63

perpetuation,
55

preservation,
35

Quaker rejection,
91–93

racism, Drayton criticism,
140–141

rebellion, continuation,
62–63

repugnance, expressions,
51

role, expansion,
137

Taylor defense,
149

Virginia Declaration of Rights declaration,
57

Slavery By Another Name
(Blackmon),
236–237

Slavery Commemoration, creation,
101

slavery institution

Benezet criticism,
92–93

maintenance,
52

pervasiveness,
105–106

sheltering,
65

slaves

children, status (maternal impact),
37

emancipation, Jefferson advocacy,
58–59

freedom, King's Bench Court (impact),
53–54

guilt, relief,
61

insurrection (1526),
62–63

owners, interference (avoidance),
114–115

rebellions, increase,
145

revolts, plots (organization),
62

self-freedom, phenomenon,
65

status, hierarchy,
77–78

territory, capital (embedding),
89

slave states

free states, balance,
146

status (1812),
145–146

slave trade

Congressional prohibition,
72

Constitution ban, impact,
73–74

criticism,
61

Smiley, Tavis,
376

march,
376

Smith, Tommie,
304

smokehouse, 9–987

Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak,
128

Snow, R. Beverly (free black restaurant owner),
125–126