The Black History of the White House (77 page)

United States exit,
126–127

Snow Riot,
126–127

social equality, advancement (opportunity),
23

Socialist Workers Party, candidates,
381

social justice, broad-based national
movement,
479–480

Social Security, African American exclusion,
255–256

social transformation, occurrence,
23

Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, formation,
93

Soetoro-Ng, Maya,
439

soft power (Nye),
336

Somerset, James,
52–53

Somerset
(1772) decision,
52–55
,
64
,
65

Sotomayor, Sonia

Gingrich/Limbaugh racist remarks,
461

Supreme Court nomination resistance,
461

Souljah, Sistah,
373–374

Soul on Ice
(Cleaver),
387

Souls of Black Folks
(Du Bois),
225

South (Southern states)

agricultural-based aristocracy,
27–28

allies, appeasement,
89

aristocracy, economic power,
147

Electoral College votes, number (accumulation),
71

government location perspective,
87–88

memory, shortness,
228

pro-slavery culture,
96

racial voting patterns,
436

racist domination, retrenchment,
238

slave population, inclusion,
69–70

three-fifths clause, impact,
72

white voter generation gap,
437

Southall, Geneva Handy,
161
,
165

South Carolina

profit, slavery (impact),
55

rejected Jefferson Declaration clause,
61

Southeastern Legal Foundation,
452

Southern, Elsie,
262

Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
384

Chicago office, Jackson leadership,
421

Nixon enemy,
310

Operation Breadbasket,
420–421

Southern Cross, brutality,
233–234

Southern strategy (Nixon),
311–312

conservative movement cultivation,
477

South-North migration,
256
,
422

Sowell, Thomas,
318

Spagnoli, Joseph (Bolden story recanting),
289–290

Spain, Van Buren White House support,
154

Special Order 15 (Sherman),
215

Speed, Joshua,
181

Spellman, A.B.,
338

Spock, Benjamin,
401

Spooner, Roger/Eloise,
468

St. Charles Hotel, enslaved people (presence),
105

St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church, Williams performance,
262

“Staccato Polka” (Mulder),
262

Stalin, Joseph,
269

Stamp Act (1765) riots, Allicocke (role),
49

Stanton, Edwin (Tenure of Office Act violation),
217–218

“Star-Spangled Banner” (Key),
126

state-allowed lynchings, disappearance,
258

State House Bell,
98

state-sponsored apartheid, Constitutional sanction,
242

states' rights

Calhoun advocacy,
413–414

Garfield defense,
240

Reagan belief,
393

Statistical Association of the Colored People of Philadelphia,
190

Steele, Michael (postraciality advocacy),
454

Steele, Shelby,
32
,
318
,
463

Stevens, James (fictional butler),
268

Stevens, Thaddeus,
28

impact, absence,
237

Stewart, Charles,
52–53

Stewart, Mary Ellen,
137

Stewart, Philip B.,
225–226

Stewart, Will (murder),
245–246

Stokes, Melvyn,
252

Stowe, Harriet Beecher,
140

Street, John,
99

structural inequalities,
457

Stuart, David,
112

Stuart, Gilber,
134

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),
392

evolution,
304–305

Sherrod, Charles (founder/leader),
472

Vietnam War opposition,
306

Sturgis, Frank (Watergate burglar),
313

such Persons, term,
73

Sukey (slave),
134

summary execution,
205

Sumner, Charles (impact, absence),
237

Surnow, Joel,
409–410

Susé, John,
134

symbolism, power,
271–278

 

Taft, William Howard

Douglass performance,
262

lynching condemnation,
250

lynching inaction,
249

Tallmadge, James (antislavery proposal),
147

Taney, Roger B. (ACS member),
148

Taubman, Philip,
327

Taylor, Billy,
342
,
344

Taylor, Cecil,
342

Taylor, Zachary,
102

black enslavement,
145

Indian fighter reputation,
149

slavery defense,
149

team of rivals (Goodwin),
216

tea party

anger,
479–480

NAACP, argument,
466–467

Obama references,
453

Tea Party Express,
466–467

Tenure of Office Act (1866),
217–218

Territorial Emancipation Act (1862),
194

Terry, Clark,
342
,
344
,
346

Terzi, Zehdi (Young meeting),
315

Thelonius Monk Institute of Jazz, anniversary celebration,
345

third parties, involvement,
381–382

Thirteenth Amendment, passage (1865),
215–216

Thomas.
See
Wiggins

Thomas, Clarence,
258
,
330–331
,
449
,
478

sexual harassment charges,
321

Supreme Court appointment,
318–320

Thomas, Edward M.,
185
,
189–190

Thomas, Norman,
402

Thornton, Anna Maria,
125

letter,
126

Thornton, William,
114–115

three-fifths clause

distortions,
70–71

South benefit,
72

Three-Strikes-and-You're-Out law,
322

Tilden, Samuel (election),
237

Till, Emmett (murder),
274

“Time to Break Silence” (King Jr.),
306

Todd, Chuck,
433

Tolbert, Robert “Red” (McKinley meeting),
247–248

Tom (White House black carpenter),
104
,
108

Tontine Coffee House (Snow),
127

Tony (White House construction slave),
117

Tora Bora, battle (2001),
430

Torres, Crystal,
345

torture, prohibition,
456

To Secure These Rights
(Truma report),
258

Trinity United Church of Christ,
444

Trotter, William Monroe

criticism,
224–225

Washington opponent,
229

Truman, Harry

civil rights program, mirage,
334

election/black support,
257

Trumbull, John,
79

Truth, Sojourner,
173
,
199

“For Aunty Sojourner Truth,”
210–211

leadership expansion,
242

Lincoln admiration,
210–211

Lincoln meeting,
198

Lincoln photograph,
211

name, adoption,
209

White House openness,
227–228

Tubman, Harriet,
205

black liberation,
212–213

photograph,
213

Tupahache, Asiba,
398

Turf Protection Law (1876),
17

Turner, Henry McNeal,
188
,
229

African Methodist Episcopal Church activity,
189

Tuskegee Institute, Roosevelt (trustee status),
230

24,
409–411

Tyler, John (black enslavement),
145

Tyson, Michael,
393

 

Uncle Harkless,
78–79

Uncle Toms, accusations,
338

Uncle Tom's Cabin
(Stowe),
140

Underground Railroad,
139
,
212–213

activity,
158

United Citizen Party,
395

United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC),
377

United Nations World Conference Against Racism Conference,
460

Powell attendance, desire,
327

United Slaves (US),
389

black demands,
280

United States

business, change,
29–30

capitalism, transition,
146–147

nation founding, African Americans (role),
48–49

Post Office, Translation Bureau,
361

postracial society, debate,
448–455

power, distribution,
56

race relations, criticism,
246

racism charges,
336–337

rights, nonrecognition,
51

slave system, horrors/atrocities,
63

society, blacks (subordination),
28–29

United States Department of Agricultural (USDA)

discrimination lawsuit
(Pigford v. Glickman),
471

facts, review (failure),
473

Lincoln creation,
470

Office of Civil Rights, Reagan elimination,
469

racial discrimination record,
469

racism intolerance, Vilsack lie,
473

Sherrod controversy,
467–468

United States history

Buchanan perspective,
47–48

interpretations, diversity,
20

racial apartheid,
16

social reform, opportunity,
22–23

teaching, filters (usage),
19

Universal Negro Improvement Association/African Communities League (UNIA),
349–350
,
352
,
356

movement, objectives,
354–355

Washington opinion,
353–354

Uprisings, number (increase),
67

urban rebellions (1967/1968),
308

U.S. Capitol (making), enslavement/freedom (impact),
127–129

U.S. Census (1800),
39

U.S. Constitution

amendments, Cleaver recommendation,
392–393

Article 1, Section 2,
68–70

statement,
70

Article 1, Section 3,
70

Article 1, Section 8,
69

empowerment,
86

Article 1, Section 9,
68
,
69

statement,
71

Article 4, Section 2,
39–40
,
64
,
68–69

statement,
74

support,
74–75

Article 4, Section 4,
69

First Amendment, logic (problem),
152

language, parsing,
72–73

racial justice, relationship,
66–75

racism avoidance,
68–69

slaveholder concession,
40

slavery allowance,
91

tone/content/purpose, struggle,
55–56

writing/signing, black presence,
48

U.S. House of Representatives, gag rule passage,
151–152

U.S. National Guard, creation,
126

U.S. presidents

black cooks, relationship,
83–85

enslaved black people, usage,
145

home, black slave labor tradition (establishment),
89–90

Southern intransigence, impact,
151

White House, residence (establishment),
86–89

USA Patriot Act, civil liberties curtailment,
24

 

Van Buren, Martin

Amistad
slave detention plans, secrecy,
154

Van Buren, Martin (black enslavement),
145

Vardman, James K.,
228–229

Vaughan, Sarah,
339

Victor Talking Machine Company,
262

Vietnam War

antiwar movement/protests, growth,
306
,
382

black activist opposition,
305–306

demonstrations, escalation,
304–305

Nixon escalation,
310

SNCC opposition,
306

Vilsack, Tom,
467–468
,
472

apologies,
473–474

Virginia

Declaration of Rights,
58

Declaration of Independence, contrast,
60

enslaved numbers,
111

profit, slavery (impact),
55

Virginia Convention,
57–58

Voice of America, propaganda,
335

Von Eschen, Penny,
337

Vorenberg, Michael,
184

Voting Rights Act (1965),
280
,
307
,
317

battle,
427

cessation, Pacific Legal Foundation/Southeastern Legal Foundation desire,
452