The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (29 page)

13. Pullan,
op. cit.,
103.

14. Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 93.

15. Mumford,
op. cit.,
321–23; Braudel,
op. cit.,
135–36; Lane,
op. cit.,
165.

16. Braudel, op. cit., 120, 124–27; Alberto Ades and Edward L. Glaeser, “Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
110, no. 1 (1995): 220.

17. Braudel,
op. cit.,
132.

18. Ibid.
,
30, 132.

19. Harold Acton, “Medicean Florence,” in
Golden Ages of the Great Cities,
105–8; Fumagalli,
op. cit.,
91.

20. Frank J. Coppa, “The Preindustrial City,” in
Cities in Transition,
40–41.

21. Karl Polanyi,
The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our
Times
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1944), 45; Cecil Fairfield Lavell,
Italian Cities
(Chautauqua, N.Y.: Chautauqua, 1905), 115.

22. Martines,
op. cit.,
83.

23. Dante,
The Divine Comedy: Inferno,
trans. John D. Sinclair (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939), 209 (Canto XVI).

24. Martines,
op. cit.,
169–72.

25. Coppa,
op. cit.,
42.

26. Étienne François, “The German Urban Network Between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Cultural and Demographic Indicators,” in
Urbanization
in History,
84–100; Alexandra Richie,
Faust’s Metropolis: A History of Berlin
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 1998), 3, 22–24; Giles MacDonogh, Berlin: A Portrait of
Its History, Architecture and Society
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 40.

27. Mumford,
op. cit.,
355.

28. Machiavelli,
The Prince,
trans. Luigi Ricci (New York: Mentor, 1952), 119.

29. Lane,
op. cit.,
177.

30. Martines,
op. cit.,
169; McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples,
170–71; Fernand Braudel,
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,
vol. 1, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 334–36.

31. Braudel,
The Mediterranean,
388–89.

32. Louis B. Wright,
Gold, Glory and the Gospel: The Adventurous Lives and Times of the
Renaissance Explorers
(New York: Atheneum, 1970), 117; Harold Burdett, “Toward the 21st Century,” Population Institute 2 (1996).

33. Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
313; de Vries,
op. cit.,
30.

34.
Prescott’s Histories: The Rise and Decline of the Spanish Empire,
ed. Irwin Blacker (New York: Viking Press, 1963), 258–63.

35. Lopez,
op. cit.,
322–25; Alfred Fierro,
Historical Dictionary of Paris,
trans. Jon Woronoff (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1998), 2–3.

36. Fumagalli,
op. cit.,
91.

37. Yves Lenguin,
La mosaïque France: Histoire des étrangers et de l’immigration en
France
(Paris: Larousse, 1988), 130, 142; Braudel,
The Perspective of the World,
329–30.

38. James L. McClain and John M. Merriman, “Edo and Paris: Cities and Power,” in James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru, Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 4, 12–13.

39. Ibid., 23, 77.

40. Zucker,
op. cit.,
195.

41. David Hamer,
New Towns in the New World: Images and Perceptions of the Nineteenth
Century Urban Frontier
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 36–37.

42. Michel Carmona,
Haussmann: His Life and Times, and the Making of Modern
Paris,
trans. Patrick Camiller (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 10, 113–22, 139, 154–56; Georges Lefebvre,
The Coming of the French Revolution,
trans. R. R. Palmer (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967), 98–99.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: CITIES OF MAMMON

1. Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 92–117.

2. Rozman, 71–72.

3. Morris,
op. cit.,
104–5; de Vries,
op. cit.,
29, 50.

4. Hale,
op. cit.,
456.

5.
Prescott’s Histories,
155.

6. Hale,
op. cit.,
168.

7. Henry Kamen,
Spain 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict
(London: Longman, 1991), 39–42; Barnet Litvinoff,
1492: The Decline of Medievalism and the Rise of the Modern Age
(New York: Avon, 1991), 34, 58.

8. Kamen,
op. cit.,
246–48.

9. Ibid., 170–71; Litvinoff,
op. cit.,
66; Wallerstein,
op. cit.,
195; J. H. Parry,
The Age
of Reconnaissance
(New York: Mentor, 1963), 66.

10. Braudel,
The Mediterranean,
146–52; Kamen,
op. cit.,
98–99, 224–25; de Vries,
op.
cit.,
30.

11. Edith Ennen,
The Medieval Town,
trans. Natalie Fryde (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1979), 187; de Vries,
op. cit.,
30.

12. Braudel,
Perspective of the World,
31.

13. Rosenberg and Birdzell,
op. cit.,
70, n. 30.

14. Hale,
op. cit.,
170; de Vries,
op. cit.,
30.

15. Simon Schama,
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in
the Golden Age
(New York: Knopf, 1987), 261; J. M. Bos, “A 14th Century Industrial Complex at Monnickendam and the Preceding Events,” in
Medemblik and
Monnickendam: Aspects of Medieval Urbanization in Northern Holland,
ed. H. A. Heidinga and H. H. van Regteren (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1989), 21.

16. Morris,
op. cit.,
164; Simon Groenveld, “For Benefit of the Poor: Social Assistance in Amsterdam,” in
Rome & Amsterdam: Two Growing Cities in Seventeenth
Century Europe,
ed. Peter van Kessel and Elisja Schulte (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1997), 206–8.

17. Braudel,
Perspective of the World,
184–85; Jonathan Israel,
The Dutch Republic: Its
Rise, Greatness and Fall
(Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1995), 113–15.

18. Schama,
op. cit.,
15, 253, 294, 311.

19. Ibid., 44–46, 300.

20. Braudel,
Perspective of the World,
30.

21. Kamen,
op. cit.,
116–17.

22. Braudel,
Perspective of the World,
185–88; Israel,
op. cit.,
116–17.

23. Israel,
op. cit.,
350–51.

24. Hale,
op. cit.,
274–76.

25. Ibid., 78–79, 137; A. R. Meyers,
England in the Late Middle Ages
(London: Pelican, 1951), 211.

26. Henri and Barbara van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land: The Story of Dutch New
York
(New York: Viking, 1978), 2–3; “New Amsterdam, Frontier Trading Post,” from Nicholas van Wassenaer,
Historisch Verhael,
in
Empire City: New York
Through the Centuries, ed. Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 26.

27. Peter Burke,
Venice and Amsterdam: A Study of Seventeenth-century Elites
(Cambridge, Eng.: Polity Press, 1994), 135–39; van der Zee and van der Zee,
op. cit.,
492–94; Edwin G. Burrows, and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York
City to 1898
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 73–74.

28. Oliver A. Rink,
Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch
New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press; Cooperstown, N.Y.: New York State Historical Association, 1986), 248–50.

29. F.R.H. Du Boulay,
An Age of Ambition: English Society in the Late Middle Ages
(New York: Viking, 1970), 66.

30. Meyers,
op. cit.,
37; Du Boulay,
op. cit.,
30.

31. Spear,
op. cit.,
231.

32. McNeill,
The Pursuit of Power,
151; Rhoads Murphey, “The City as a Centre of Change: Western Europe and China,” in
The City in the Third World,
ed. D. J. Dwyer (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1974), 65.

33. Hale,
op. cit.,
143.

34. Israel,
op. cit.,
1011; Braudel,
Perspective of the World,
365; Hall,
op. cit.,
116.

35. Meyers,
op. cit.,
161–63, 225, 232–33.

36. Hamish McRae and Frances Cairncross,
Capital City: London as a Financial Centre
(London: Eyre Methuen, 1973), 9.

37. Emrys Jones,
Metropolis,
(Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1990), 93; Zucker,
op. cit.,
196–98.

CHAPTER TWELVE: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN URBAN REVOLUTION

1. Hale,
op. cit.,
355; Braudel,
Perspective of the World,
548.

2. Braudel,
Perspective of the World,
575–81; Karl Marx,
Das Kapital, op. cit.,
914–30.

3. Jones,
op. cit.,
94.

4. Du Boulay,
op. cit.,
41; de Vries,
op. cit.,
101.

5. John L. and Barbara Hammond, “The Industrial Revolution: The Rulers and the Masters,” in
The Industrial Revolution in Britain: Triumph or Disaster?
ed. Philip A. M. Taylor (Boston: D. C. Heath & Company, 1958), 40; Mark Giroud,
Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 265; Theodore Koditschek,
Class Formation and Urban-Industrial Society, Bradford, 1750–1850
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 79.

6. Arnold J. Toynbee,
The Industrial Revolution
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1956), 10–11.

7. Koditschek,
op. cit.,
107.

8. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, trans. W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1968), 57–61.

9. Hammond and Hammond,
op. cit.,
41; Koditschek,
op. cit.,
100; de Vries,
op. cit.,
179.

10. Alexis de Tocqueville, “Memoir on Pauperism,” in
Tocqueville and Beaumont
on Social Reform,
ed. Seymour Drescher (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1968), 2, 13.

11. Hammond and Hammond,
op. cit.,
36.

12. Koditschek,
op. cit.,
133–37, 144.

13. Andrew Lees,
Cities Perceived: Urban Society in European and American Thought:
1820–1940
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 29.

14. The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman (New York: Anchor Books, 1988), 329.

15. Tocqueville,
op. cit.,
2.

16. Lees,
op. cit.,
40–41.

17. Hartmut Kaelble,
Historical Research on Social Mobility: Western Europe and the
U.S.A. in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, trans. Ingrid Noakes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), 42–43, 62–65, 96–97; Reuven Brenner,
Rivalry:In Business, Science, Among Nations
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 43.

18. Gertrude Himmelfarb,
The De-moralization of Society: From Victorian Virtues to
Modern Values
(New York: Knopf, 1995), 39; McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples,
275; Thomas S. Ashton, “Workers Living Standards: A Modern Revision,” in The
Industrial Revolution in Britain,
481; Lees,
op. cit.,
40–41.

19. Lees,
op. cit.,
53–54.

20. Ibid., 44–55.

21. Fierro,
op. cit.,
18.

22. Henry Nash Smith,
Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950), 32, 127–78.

23. Jonathan Hughes, American Economic History (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 334.

24. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
The Age of Jackson
(New York: Book Find Club, 1945), 315.