The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (32 page)

47. Sorensen,
op. cit.;
Hill and Fujita,
op. cit.,
11; Seidensticker,
op. cit.,
336–37.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE POSTCOLONIAL DILEMMA

1. “Urban Agglomerations 2003,” United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

2. Carlos Fuentes,
Where the Air Is Clear,
trans. Sam Hileman (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971), 7.

3. Kamen,
op. cit.,
13; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
15.

4. Litvinoff,
op. cit.,
5, 11.

5. Valliant,
op. cit.,
127, 138.

6. Díaz,
op. cit,
215–19.

7. From Nahuatl codices, composed circa 1523–1528, cited in Fehrenbach,
op.
cit.,
146.

8. Hardoy,
op. cit.,
21; Fehrenbach,
op. cit.,
189; Wright,
op. cit.,
199–200.

9. Díaz, op. cit., 200; Valliant, op. cit., 172, 257; W. W. Collins, Cathedral Cities of
Spain
(New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1909), 19.

10. Hardoy,
op. cit.,
22–25; Fehrenbach,
op. cit.,
147, 159; Kamen,
op. cit.,
95; Mark D. Szuchman, “The City as Vision—The Development of Urban Culture in Latin America,” in
I Saw a City Invincible: Urban Portraits of Latin America,
ed. Gilbert M. Joseph and Mark D. Szuchman (Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1996), 5.

11. Hardoy,
op. cit.,
46–53; Lesley Byrd Simpson,
Many Mexicos
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 362–63; “Cities: A Survey,”
The Economist,
July 19, 1995; Alejandro Portes, “Urban Latin America: The Political Condition from Above and Below,” in
Third World Urbanization,
ed. Janet Abu-Lughod and Richard Hay, Jr. (Chicago: Maaroufa Press, 1977), 67–69.

12. “Regions at Risk: Comparisons of Threatened Environments,” ed. Jeanne X. Kasperson, Roger E. Kasperson, and B. L. Turner II (New York: United Nations University Press, 1995); Jonathan Kandell, “Mexico’s Megalopolis,” in
I
Saw a City Invincible,
189; Josef Gugler, “Overurbanization Reconsidered,” in
Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory and Policy,
ed. Josef Gugler (London: Oxford University Press, 1977), 120.

13. Procuraduría General de la República, Inciodencia Delictiva del Fuero Federal,
www.pgr.gob.mx
;
The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2003,
166.

14. Fuentes,
op. cit.,
4.

15. “The State of the World’s Population, 1996,” United Nations Population Fund.

16. Richard Hay, Jr., “Patterns of Urbanization and Socio-Economic Development,” in
Third World Urbanization,
71. “The State of the World’s Population, 1996”; “The State of the World’s Population, 2001,” United Nations Population Fund.

17. Alan Gilbert and Josef Gugler,
Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanization in
the Third World (London: Oxford University Press, 1991), 13; Edward W. Said,
Orientalism
(New York: Vintage, 1979), 153.

18. McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples,
151; Murphey,
op. cit.,
65.

19. Curtin,
op. cit.,
170–78; Murphey,
op. cit.,
55; July,
op. cit.,
57–60, 275–76, 347–48; Curtin,
op. cit.,
212.

20. Kumar,
op. cit.,
492–93.

21. Girouard,
op. cit.,
238–42; Raychaudhuri and Habib,
op. cit.,
437–39; Parry,
op.
cit.,
272–74; Rhoads Murphey, “The History of the City in Monsoon Asia,” in
The Urban Transformation of the Developing World,
ed. Josef Gugler (London: Oxford University Press, 1996), 23.

22. Hourani,
op. cit.,
295–98, 439–42; Raymond,
op. cit.,
210; Janet Abu-Lughod, “Urbanization in the Arab World and the International System,” in
The Urban
Transformation of the Developing World,
25.

23. Bianca,
op. cit.,
170–71; Raymond,
op. cit.,
318; Abu-Lughod,
Cairo,
98–99.

24. Mattei Dogan and John Kasarda, “Introduction: Comparing Giant Cities,” in
The Metropolis Era, vol. 2, Megacities,
23.

25. Alfred Crofts and Percy Buchanan,
A History of the Far East
(New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1958), 142–52; Schinz,
op. cit.,
18; Xiangming Chen, “Giant Cities and the Urban Hierarchy of China,” in Mattei Dogan and John Kasarda,
A World of Giant Cities: The Metropolis Era, vol. 1
(Newbury Park: Sage, 1989), 230–32.

26. Murphey, “The City as a Centre of Change,” 55–61; Stella Dong,
Shanghai:
The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City
(New York: William Morrow, 2000), 1.

27. Abu-Lughod, “Urbanization in the Arab World,” 190.

28. “The State of the World’s Population, 1996”; Alain R. A. Jacquemin,
Urban
Development and New Towns in the Third World: Lessons from the New Bombay Experience
(Aldershot, Eng.: Ashgate, 1999), 5.

29. Robert B. Potter, “Cities, Convergence, Divergence and Third World Development,” in
Cities and Development in the Third World,
ed. Robert B. Potter and Ademola T. Salau (London: Mansell, 1990), 1–2.

30. Janice E. Perlman,
The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de
Janeiro
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 12; John Vidal, “Disease Stalks New Megacities,”
The Guardian,
March 23, 2002; “State of the World Population, 1996”; “Air Pollution for 40 Selected World Cities,” World Health Organization; Jorge E. Hardoy, “Building and Managing Cities in a State of Permanent Crisis,” Wilson Center, Latin America Program, no. 187, 16; Kalpana Sharma, “Governing Our Cities: Will People Power Work,” Panos Institute, London, 2000.

31. David Drakakis-Smith,
The Third World City
(New York: Methuen, 1987), 8, 38; Michael F. Lofchie, “The Rise and Demise of Urban Based Development Policies in Africa,” in
Cities in the Developing World,
23; Ronald McGill,
InstitutionalDevelopment: A Third World City Management Perspective
(London: I. B. Tauris & Co., 1996), 21; Gilbert and Gugler,
op. cit.,
25.

32. John M. Shandra, Bruce London, and John B. Williamson, “Environmental Degradation, Environmental Sustainability and Overurbanization in the Developing World,”
Sociological Perspectives
46, no. 3, 309–29; Aprodicio A. Laquian, “The Asian City and the Political Process,” in
The City as a Centre of
Change in Asia,
ed. D. J. Dwyer (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1972), 50.

33. Gilbert and Gugler, op. cit., 85; Allen C. Kelley and Jeffrey G. Williamson,
What Drives Third World City Growth?: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), 5.

34. Rollie E. Poppino,
Brazil: The Land and People
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 113–17; “World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision,” United Nations Population Division; “A World of Cities,”
The Economist,
July 29, 1995.

35. “State of the World’s Population, 2001.”

36. S. I. Abumere, “Nigeria,” in Urbanization in Africa: A Handbook, ed. James D. Tarver (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), 262–77; Pauline H. Baker,
Urbanization and Political Change: The Politics of Lagos, 1917–1967
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 32–34.

37. Drakakis-Smith,
op. cit.,
8, 38; Lofchie,
op. cit.,
23; McGill,
op. cit.,
21; Gilbert and Gugler,
op. cit.,
25; Alan Mabin, “Suburbs and Segregation in the Urbanizing Cities of the South: A Challenge for Metropolitan Government in the Early 21st Century,” Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2001; “Black Flight,”
The Economist,
February 24, 1996.

38. Lewis,
What Went Wrong?,
34; Ali Madanipour,
Tehran: The Making of a Metropolis
(New York: John Wiley, 1998), 5, 9.

39. Hourani,
op. cit.,
373–74; Abu-Lughod, “Urbanization in the Arab World,” 189; Salah S. El-Shakhs and Hooshang Amirahmadi, “Population Dynamics, Urbanization, and the Planning of Large Cities in the Arab World,” in
Urban De
velopment in the Muslim World, ed. Salah S. El-Shakhs and Hooshang Amirahmadi (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993), 21–23; Hooshang Amirahmadi and Ali Kiafar, “The Transformation of Tehran from Garrison Town to a Primate City: A Tale of Rapid Growth and Uneven Development,” in
Urban Development in the Muslim World,
120–21.

40. Manuel Castells,
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. 3: End of
Millennium
(Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), 78–83; John D. Kasarda and Allan M. Parnell, “Introduction: Third World Urban Development Issues,” in
Third World Cities: Problems, Policies and Prospects,
ed. John D. Kasarda and Allan M. Parnell (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1993), xi.

41. Grey E. Burkhart and Susan Older,
The Information Revolution in the Middle East
and North Africa,
report prepared for the National Intelligence Council (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2003), ix, 2, 53.

42. Bianca,
op. cit.,
170–71; Raymond,
op. cit.,
318; Abu-Lughod,
Cairo,
98–99.

43. El-Shakhs and Amirahmadi,
op. cit.,
234; Burdett, “Toward the 21st Century”; Hourani,
op. cit.,
374; Jonathan Eric Lewis, “Iraq’s Christians,”
The Wall Street
Journal,
December 19, 2002; Rachel Pomerance, “Iraq’s Glorious Past,” Jewish Telegraphic Service, February 9, 2003; Amir Taheri, “Saddam Hussein’s Delusion,”
The New York Times,
November 14, 2002.

44. Hourani,
op. cit.,
438; El-Shakhs and Amirahmadi,
op. cit.,
240; Jacquemin,
op.
cit.,
35.

45. Madanipour,
op. cit.,
21, 95.

46. Burdett, “Toward the 21st Century”; Amirahmadi and Kiafar,
op. cit.,
130–31; Masoud Kheirabadi,
Iranian Cities: Formation and Development
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991), 60; Madanipour,
op. cit.,
23; Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi, “L’image socio-géographique de Téhéran en 1986,” in Téhéran:
Capitale Bicentenaire,
ed. Chahryar Adle and Bernard Hourcade (Paris: Institut Français de Recherche en Iran, 1992), 268.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: “QUEENS OF THE FURTHER EAST”

1. “State of the World’s Population, 2001.”

2. C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore: 1819–1875 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1977), 1–45.

3. Sharma, “Governing Our Cities”; Donald N. Wilber,
Pakistan: Its People, Its
Society and Its Culture
(New Haven: HRAF Press, 1980), 373; Anthony King,
Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976), 273; Kumar,
op. cit.,
520.

4. Nigel Harris,
City, Class, and Trade: Social and Economic Change in the Third World
(London: I. B. Tauris & Co., 1991), 30; Barnett E. Rubin, “Journey to the East: Industrialization in India and the Chinese Experience,” in
Social and Economic
Development in India: A Reassessment, ed. Dilip K. Basu and Richard Sisson (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1986), 69.

5. “Plenty of Space, Few Takers,”
Businessline,
May 24, 1999; Jacquemin,
op. cit.,
275–77.

6. Sharma, “Governing Our Cities”; “Orillion India Thriving in Hyderabad,”
Orillion Source,
August 2000; Isher Judge Ahluwalia,
Industrial Growth in India:
Stagnation Since the Mid-Sixties
(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 161–87.

7. Ali Sharaf and Leslie Green, “Calcutta,” in
Great Cities of the World: Their Government,Politics, and Planning,
ed. William A. Robson and D. E. Regan (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1972), 299; Tim McDonald, “U.S. Tech Bust a Boon for Asia,” NewsFactor Network, June 7, 2001; Arvind Singhal and Everett M. Rogers,
India’s Information Revolution
(New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1989), 163–65.

8. Kyle Eischen, “India’s High-Tech Marvel Makes Abstract Real,”
San Jose
Mercury News,
March 19, 2000; Joanna Slater, “Influx of Tech Jobs Ushers in Malls, Modernity to Calcutta,”
The Wall Street Journal,
April 28, 2004.

9. Castells,
op. cit.,
151–55; Amy Waldman, “Low-Tech or High, Jobs Are Scarce in India’s Boom,”
The New York Times,
May 6, 2004.