The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (30 page)

25. Bernard Bailyn,
Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve
of the Revolution
(New York: Knopf, 1986), 152–54; Brinley Thomas,
Economics
of International Migration
(New York: Macmillan, 1958), 65–66, 575.

26. Joseph Salvo and Arun Peter Lobo, “Immigration and the Changing Demographic Profile of New York,” in
The City and the World: New York’s Global Future,
ed. Margaret Crahan and Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1997), 88–89.

27. Mumford,
op. cit.,
467–68.

28. Sven Beckert,
The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the
American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 47.

29. Kaelble,
op. cit.,
36–37; Paul H. Wilken,
Entrepreneurship: A Complete and HistoricalStudy
(Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing, 1979), 207.

30. Beckert,
op. cit.,
51.

31. Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 1–4; Lawrence R. Larsen, “Chicago’s Midwest Rivals: Cincinnati, St. Louis and Milwaukee,” in
Chicago
History
(Fall 1976): 144.

32. Teaford,
op. cit.,
66.

33. Charles and Mary Beard,
The Rise of American Civilization,
vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan, 1950), 176–206; Teaford,
op. cit.,
4, 49, 52–54; Hughes,
op. cit.,
268–69.

34. Larsen,
op. cit.,
141–47; Bessie Louise Pierce,
A History of Chicago: 1848–1871,
vol. 2 (New York: Knopf, 1940), 117.

35. Teaford,
op. cit.,
11, 19.

36. J. A. Dacus and James M. Buel,
A Tour of St. Louis, or the Inside Life of a Great City
(St. Louis: Western Publishing Company, 1878), 406–13.

37. Teaford,
op. cit.,
68.

38. Lees,
op. cit.,
166–69; Teaford,
op. cit.,
113–17; Samuel Hays,
The Response to Industrialism
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 22–24, 71–72.

39. Beard and Beard,
op. cit.,
748; Beckert,
op. cit.,
297.

40. Jane Allen Shikoh, “The Higher Life in the American City of the 1900s: A Study of Leaders and Their Activities in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston and Buffalo,” PhD dissertation in Department of History, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, October 1972, 5–8, 81–85.

41. Lees,
op. cit.,
1.

42. Frederick Law Olmsted, “Selected Writings on Central Park,” in
Empire City:
New York City Through the Centuries,
278–79.

43. C.A.E. Goodhart, The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade:
1900–1913
(Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1969), 9–10.

44. Robert Bruegmann, “The Paradoxes of Anti-Sprawl Reform,” uncorrected draft for
The Twentieth Century Planning Experience,
ed. Robert Freestone (London: Routledge, 1999).

45. Max Page,
The Creative Destruction of Manhattan: 1900–1940
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 5;
Empire City: New York City Through the Centuries,
404.

46. Emanuel Tobier, “Manhattan’s Business District in the Industrial Age,” in
Power, Culture, and Place: Essays on New York,
ed. John Mollenkopf (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988), 85–87.

47. Beard and Beard,
op. cit.,
787.

48. Tyler Cowen,
In Praise of Commercial Culture
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 120.

49. Hall,
op. cit.,
522; Fred A. McKenzie,
The American Invaders
(New York: reprinted by Arno Press, 1976), 9; William R. Taylor,
In Pursuit of Gotham: Cultureand Commerce in New York
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 74–76.

50. Anton C. Zijderveld, A Theory of Urbanity: The Economic and Civic Culture of
Cities
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 2.

51. Beard and Beard,
op. cit.,
780–82.

52. John Dos Passos,
Manhattan Transfer
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), 305.

53. Paul Crowell and A. H. Raskin, “New York: The Greatest City in the World,” in Our Fair City, ed. Robert S. Allen (New York: Vanguard, 1947), 58.

54. Teaford,
op. cit.,
76; John G. Clark, David M. Katzman, Richard D. McKinzie, and Theodore Watson,
Three Generations in Twentieth Century America: Family,
Community, and Nation
(Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1977), 403.

55. Robert M. Fogelson,
Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880–1950
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 112–66.

56. Crowell and Raskin,
op. cit.,
37.

57. Fogelson,
op. cit.,
2.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: INDUSTRIALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS

1. G. C. Allen, Appointment in Japan: Memories of Sixty Years (London: Athlone Press, 1983), 2–5.

2. Ibid., 37.

3. C. E. Elias, Jr., James Gillies, and Svend Riemer, eds., Metropolis: Values in Con
flict
(Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing, 1965), 11–12.

4. Dhamar Kumar,
The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2, 1757–1970
(Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1982), 568–69.

5. Sigmund Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontents,
trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962), 59.

6. Carl Mosk, Japanese Industrial History (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), 50.

7. Thomas O. Wilkinson, The Urbanization of Japanese Labor: 1868–1955 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1965), 22–23.

8. Mosk,
op. cit.,
55, 201–2; Richard Child Hill and Kuniko Fujita, “Japanese Cities in the World Economy,” and Hachiro Nakamura, “Urban Growth in Prewar Japan,” in
Japanese Cities in the World Economy,
ed. Kuniko Fujita and Richard Child Hill (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 5, 30; Glenn T. Trewartha,
Japan: A Geography
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), 161.

9. Marius B. Jansen,
The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 731; Hachiro Nakamura,
op. cit.,
30.

10. Mosk,
op. cit.,
174–75; Wilkinson,
op. cit.,
45.

11. Allen,
op. cit.,
124–25.

12. Nishiyama Matsunosuke,
Edo Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan,
1600–1868,
trans. and ed. Gerald Groemer (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), 9.

13. Mosk,
op. cit.,
217.

14. Beatrice M. Bodart-Bailey, “Urbanisation and the Nature of the Tokugawa Hegemony,” in
Japanese Capitals in Historic Perspective,
175, 199.

15. Wilkinson,
op. cit.,
77–78.

16. Ibid., 122–23.

17. John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 31.

18. Evelyn S. Colbert, The Left Wing in Japanese Politics (New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1952), 33; George Oakley Totten III,
The Social Democratic
Movement in Prewar Japan
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 106–7, 259.

19. Robert J. C. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1969), 146–48; Dower,
op. cit.,
228–29; Sheldon Garon,
Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 82–83.

20. Carola Hein, “Visionary Plans and Planners: Japanese Traditions and Western Influences,” in
Japanese Capitals in Historic Perspective,
309–42.

21. Jeffry M. Diefendorf, “The West German Debate on Urban Planning,” “The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective,” Conference of the German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., March 25–27, 1999; Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany: A New
History
(New York: Continuum, 1995), 116–17; Gottfried Feder, “Das Program der N.S.D.A.P.,” in Joachim Remak, The Nazi Years: A Documentary History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1969), 30.

22. Philipp Oswald, “Berlin: A City Without Form,”
Tas Skorupa,
http://www. urban-os.com/think-pool/one?think_id=3164; Engels,
op. cit.,
333; Helen Meller,
European Cities 1890–1930s: History, Culture and The Built Environment
(New York: John Wiley, 2001), 10; Morris,
op. cit.,
166–67; Richie,
op. cit.,
141, 144.

23. Lees,
op. cit.,
119–21; Richie,
op. cit.,
163, 167.

24. Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis and Mental Life,” in The Sociology of Georg
Simmel,
trans. Kurt H. Wolff (New York: Free Press, 1950), 410–13.

25. Heinrich Class, “Wenn ich der Kaiser war,” in Remak,
op. cit.,
8–9; William Appleman Williams,
The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth
and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society
(New York: Random House, 1969), 204.

26. Karl Dietrich Bracher,
The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and E fects
of National Socialism,
trans. Jean Steinberg (New York: Praeger, 1970), 45; Carl E. Schorske,
Fin de Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture
(New York: Knopf, 1979), 5–6.

27. Program of the National Socialist German Workers Party, in Remak,
op. cit.,
27–29.

28. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann,
The Racial State: Germany,
1933–1945
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 220–22.

29. Roger Eatwell, “Fascism: A Three Dimensional Approach,” final draft, for inclusion in
Il fascismo e I suoi unterpreti,
ed. Alessandro Campi (Rome: Antonio Pellicani, 2000).

30. Klaus Fischer,
op. cit.,
367; Richie,
op. cit.,
407, 432, 437.

31. W. Bruce Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Rus
sia
(New York: Basic Books, 2002), 1–3.

32. Roger P. Bartlett, Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia 1762–1804 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 1–2; 94–95.

33. Reginald E. Zelnik,
Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of
St. Petersburg, 1855–1970 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1971), 221.

34. Ibid., 23, 27; Riasanovsky,
op. cit.,
309.

35. Daniel R. Brower,
The Russian City Between Tradition and Modernity, 1850–1900
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 9, 13–14, 23, 202, 221; Nicholas Riasanovsky,
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 134–35.

36. Anatole G. Mazour,
The First Russian Revolution, 1825: The Decembrist Movement,
Its Origins, Development, and Significance
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1961), 261–72; Zelnik,
op. cit.,
17.

37. Laura Engelstein,
Moscow 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), 13, 27; Lincoln,
op. cit.,
9; Zelnik,
op. cit.,
240–41; Riasanovsky,
History of Russia,
470–74.

38. Lincoln,
op. cit.,
242.

39. William J. Chase,
Workers, Society, and the Soviet State: Labor and Life in Moscow,
1918–1929
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 6–7; Paul E. Lydolph, Geography of the U.S.S.R., (New York: John Wiley, 1964), 275.

40. Chase,
op. cit.,
24–25.

41. Ibid., 73.

42. Lincoln,
op. cit.,
231–33.

43. Ibid., 260–61; William Henry Chamberlin,
Russia’s Iron Age
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1935), 5.

44. Dmitri Volkogonov,
Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy,
trans. Harold Shukman (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991), 234.

45. Dmitri Volkogonov,
Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet
Regime,
trans. Harold Shukman (New York: Free Press, 1998), 184–85.

46. Chamberlin,
op. cit.,
51–53.

47. Lyndolph,
op. cit.,
275.

48. N. S. Khrushchev, Socialism and Communism: Selected Passages 1956–63 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Press, 1963), 18, 43.