The Classical World (102 page)

The bibliography is vast here: two good very short introductions are R. M. Hare,
Plato
(1982) and Jonathan Barnes,
Aristotle
(1982); Bernard Williams,
Plato: The Invention of Philosophy
(1998) is veryclear; Julia Annas,
An Introduction to Plato’s Republic
(1981), T. H. Irwin,
Plato’s Ethics
(1995) and R. B. Rutherford,
The Art of Plato
(1995) are a good trio, on accessible topics; Gail Fine (ed.),
Plato 1 and 2
(1999) gives an excellent selection of studies, with a fine introduction and bibliographies; R. Kraut (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to Plato
(1992) is also excellent; David Sedley, in T. Calvo and L. Brisson (eds.),
Interpreting the Timaeus and Critias
(1997), 327–39, on ‘likeness to God’, with the superb study by A. J. Festugière,
La Révélation de L’Hermès Trismegiste
, volumes I–IV (1949–54), a profound classic. P. A. Brunt,
Studies in Greek History and Thought
(1993), 242–344, is magisterial on the laws, the letters and Plato’s pupils. Julia Annas and Robin Waterfield (eds.),
Plato’s Statesman
(1995); M. M. Markle, in
Journal of Hellenic Studies
(1976), 80–99, on Speusippus. On Aristotle, W. D. Ross,
Aristotle
(1923) is slightly easier than J. L. Ackrill,
Aristotle the Philosopher
(1981), an excellent study; J. O. Urmson,
Aristotle’s Ethics
(1988) is clear; Jonathan Barnes (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle
(1995); on women, Robert Mayhew,
The Female in Aristotle’s Biology
(2004) is a good, short rethink; on democracy, A. W. Lintott, in
Classical Quarterly
(1992), 114–28, is excellent.

A. H. M. Jones,
Athenian Democracy
(1957), chapters 1–2, is still a starting point. On slavery, G. E. M. de Sainte Croix,
The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World
(1981), 112–204: on religion, R. C. T. Parker,
Athenian Religion: A History
(1996) 218–55; on citizenship, D. Ogden,
Greek Bastardy
(1996), 166–88; on Apollodorus, R. J. Bonner,
Lawyers and Litigants in Ancient Athens
(1927) and J. Trevett,
Apollodorus Son of Pasion
(1992); on Aeschines, R. J. Lane Fox, in S. Hornblower, and R. G. Osborne (eds.),
Ritual, Finance and Politics
(1994), 135–55; on drinking, James Davidson,
Courtesans and Fishcakes
(1998), 36–73; on cockfights, Nan Dunbar,
Aristophanes’ Birds
(1995) 158; on the Tanagras, the excellent Louvre catalogue,
‘Tanagras’
(2003); on the art, Martin Robertson,
History of Greek Art
, volume 1 (1972), 363–444; on theatre, Pat Easterling, in A. H. Sommerstein, S. Halliwell
et al
. (eds.),
Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis
(1993), 559–69, and Gregory W. Dobrov (ed.),
Beyond Aristophanes
(1995), especially pages 1–46; on Menander, T. B. L. Webster,
An Introduction to Menander
(1990); on lawmaking, P. J. Rhodes, in
Classical Quarterly
(1985), 55–60; also P. J. Rhodes, in
Journal of Hellenic Studies
(1986), 132–144, and M. M. Markle III, in
Ancient Society
(1990), 149–66, on participation; on taxes, P. J. Rhodes, in
American Journal of Ancient History
(1982), 1; on display, D. M. MacDowell (ed.),
Demosthenes against Meidias
(1990); on silver-mines, R. J. Hopper, in
Annual of British School in Athens
(1968), 293–326; Paul Millett,
Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens
(1991), though I do not share the Finley–de Sainte Croix notion of maritime loans as ‘insurance’; R. G. Osborne, in
Chiron
(1988), 279–323, is important on lending and also in John Rich and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill,
City and Country in the Ancient
World
(1991), 119–46, on the decidedly non-subsistence economy of the rich in Attica; Jack Cargill,
The Second Athenian League
(1981) is an English treatment; on sycophants, D. Harvey, in P. Cartledge
et al
. (eds.),
Nomos
(1990), 103–22; on feuds, P. J. Rhodes, in P. Cartledge
et al
. (eds.),
Kosmos
(1998), 144–67. Walter Eder (ed.),
Athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
… (1995) has several good essays; on the navy, G. L. Cawkwell, in
Classical Quarterly
(1984), 334–45, is important. On Demosthenes, A. W. Pickard-Cambridge,
Demosthenes
(1914) is still the best English ‘life’; J. C. Trevett, in
Historia
(1999), 184–202, is important on his foreign policy.

Ulrich Wilcken,
Alexander the Great
(1932) is the best short study; R. Lane Fox,
Alexander the Great
(1973) and A. B. Bosworth,
Conquest and Empire
(1988) are biographical and thematic respectively; A. B. Bosworth’s lifelong
Historical Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander
(1980–) is a fundamental resource; P. A. Brunt,
Arrian
, volumes I–II (1976–83; Loeb Library) is a translation with excellent notes and studies, a major contribution; J. R. Hamilton,
Plutarch, Alexander: A Commentary
(1969) is a guide to the problems in the best short ‘life’ of Alexander; J. E. Atkinson,
A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus’ Historiae Alexandri Magni
(1980–) is valuable. J. Roisman (ed.),
Brill’s Companion to Alexander the Great
(2003) is the most recent range of articles. Recent significant contributions, each provoking thought and dissent, are Georges Le Rider,
Alexander le grand: Monnaies, finance et politique
(2003), Pierre Briant,
Histoire de l’empire perse
(1996), 713–892, and P. M. Fraser,
Cities of Alexander the Great
(1996), a masterpiece of related scholarship, but on its main topic, compare N. G. L. Hammond, in
Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
(1998), 243–69, for much that it left out, not always rightly.

The best presentation is still Edouard Will,
Histoire politique du monde hellenistique
, volume I (1979, 2nd edn.), 1–120; F. Schachermeyr,
Alexander in Babylon
(1970) repays careful thought; biographies of the Successors include R. Billows,
Antigonus the One-Eyed and the Hellenistic State
(1997), John D. Grainger,
Seleukos Nikator
(1990) and especially Helen Lund,
Lysimachus
(1992); Pierre Briant,
Rois, tributs et paysans
(1982), 13–94, on Eumenes; A. B. Bosworth,
The Legacy of Alexander
(2002), a valuable collection; A. B.
Bosworth and E. J. Baynham,
Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction
(2000), 207–41, is thought-provoking on Alexander’s so-called ‘Will’; E. Badian, in
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
(1967), 183–204, on the ‘Plans’ and in W. Will and J. Heinrichs (eds.),
Zu Alexander dem Grossen: Festschrift Gerhard Wirth
, volume I (1987), 605–25, on his ‘ring’; Elizabeth D. Carney,
Women and Monarchy in Macedonia
(2000); Daniel Ogden,
Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death
(1999) and Jim Roy, in Lin Foxhall and John Salmon (eds.),
When Men Were Men
(1998), 111–35, with differing views on polygamy. E. J. Bickerman,
Religions and Politics in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods
(1985), 489–522, is a classic, on the Seleucids and the Achaemenids.

P. M. Fraser,
Ptolemaic Alexandria
, volumes 1–3 (1972) is the fundamental study; Christian Jacob and François de Polignac,
Alexandria: The Third Century
BC
(2000, English translation) is more slight; J.-Y. Empereur,
Alexandria Rediscovered
(1998) and
Alexandria: Past, Present and Future
(2002) include very recent discoveries, as does the different project of Franck Goddio,
Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters
(1998) and
Alexandria: The Submerged Canopic Region
(2004); Judith McKenzie, in
Journal of Roman Archaeology
(2003), 35–63, is an excellent survey of the evidence; P. Leriche, in J.-L. Huot,
La Ville neuve: Une idée de l’antiquité
(1994), 109–25, is an important survey; Günther Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(2001) makes the royal family accessible in English. Paul Bernard, Olivier Guillaume, Henri Paul Francfort, Pierre Leriche and others present aspects of the, sadly interrupted, excavations of Ai Khanum in Afghanistan in
Fouilles d’Ai Khanum
(1973 onwards); E. E. Rice,
The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus
(1983); O. Murray, ‘Hellenistic Royal Symposia’, in P. Bilde (ed.),
Aspects of Hellenistic Kingship
(1996), 15–27, is important; G. E. R. Lloyd,
Greek Science after Aristotle
(1973) is still a good overview; H. von Staden,
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria
(1989) is a major advance, with V. Nutton,
Ancient Medicine
(2004) on Erasistratus; Lionel Casson,
Libraries in the Ancient World
(2001) is an excellent short survey. G. O. Hutchinson,
Hellenistic Poetry
(1988) is acute and appreciative; R. L. Hunter and M. Fantuzzi,
Tradition and Innovation in Hellenistic Poetry
(2004) are up-to-date guides. Collections by Paul Cartledge, P. Garnsey and E. Gruen (eds.),
Hellenistic Constructs
… (1997) and Peter Green (ed.),
Hellenistic History and Culture
(1993) show what is going on in English publications. W. W. Tarn, with G. T. Griffith,
Hellenistic Civilization
(1952, 3rd edn.) is unsurpassed as a vigorous read.

L. Robert, ‘De Delphes à l’Oxus’, in
Comptes-Rendus de L’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres
(1968), 416–57, is a ‘classic’; Barry W. Cunliffe,
The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek
(2002) is a readable account but concludes, as I do not, that Pytheas went to Iceland; I. Pimouguet-Pédarres and F. Delrieux,
L’Anatolie, la Syrie, l’égypte
… (2003) collects excellent articles, comments and bibliography, which I presuppose; Claire Préaux,
Le Monde hellénistique: La grèce et l’orient
, volumes 1–2 (1978), is an outstanding survey, with invaluable bibliographies; E. J. Bickermann,
The Jews in the Greek Age
(1988) is a classic, even among his works. On spreading Greek, D. J. Thompson, in A. K. Bowman and G. Woolf (eds.),
Literacy and Power
(1994), 67–83, is very important. C. Habicht,
Athens from Alexander to Antony
(1997) opens up a fragmented subject, with his important
Hellenistic Athens and Her Philosophers
(1988, English translation). E. R. Bevan,
Stoics and Sceptics
(1913) is still worth reading, as is A. J. Festugière,
Epicurus and His Gods
(1969, English translation); A. A. Long,
Hellenistic Philosophy
(1986, 2nd edn.); W. Capelle, ‘Der Garten des Theophrast’, in Wolfgang Müller (ed.),
Festschrift für Felix Zucker
(1954), 47–82, is more sympathetic than J. E. Raven,
Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece
(2000); on Zenon, Claude Orrieux,
Les Papyrus de Zenon
… (1983) and
Zenon de Caunos, Parepidemos
(1985) are excellent studies, with X. Durand,
Des grecs en Palestine au III siècle: Le dossier syrien de Zénon de Caunos
(1997). On a great geographer, P. M. Fraser, ‘Eratosthenes of Cyrene’, in
Proceedings of the British Academy
(1970), 176–207; on ethnography, Albrecht Dihle, ‘Zur Hellenistischen Ethnographie’, in
Grecs et Barbares
, Entretiens Fondation Hardt VIII (1965), 205–39, is excellent; so is A. Momigliano,
Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization
(1975). On Hecataeus, O. Murray, in
Journal of Egyptian Studies
(1970), 141, and J. Dillery, in
Historia
(1998), 255–75. On India, Pascal Charvet and Fabrizia Baldissera,
Arrien: Le voyage en Inde d’Alexandre le grand
(2002) has an excellent bibliography; K. Karttunen,
India in Early Greek Literature
(1989); W. W. Tarn,
The Greeks in Bactria and India
(1951, 2nd edn.) is a superb read whose ingenuities deserve, and require, a lifetime of correction. P. Brulé, ‘Enquête démographique sur la famille grecque antique’, in
Revue des Études Anciennes
(1990), 233–58, repays careful thought; on other lines, R. van Bremen, in Andrew Erskine (ed.),
A Companion to the Hellenistic World
(2003), 313–30, part of an excellent collection.

T. J. Cornell,
The Beginnings of Rome
(1995), chapters 7–15, takes a thoughtfully positive line on the evidence; Andrew Erskine,
Troy between Greece and Rome
(2001) is verywell written; A. W. Lintott,
The Constitution of the Roman Republic
(1999) is an excellent guide through a great jungle; Fergus Millar,
The Roman Republic in Political Thought
(2002) is a fine complement; M. W. Frederiksen,
Campania
(1984), chapters 8, 9, 10 are very important on Rome’s expansion. Kurt A. Raaflaub (ed.),
Social Struggles in Archaic Rome
(1986); on the army reforms, David Potter, in Harriet I. Flower (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
(2004), 66–88, is very important; N. Purcell, in David Braund and Christopher Gill (eds.),
Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome
(2003), 12–40, on foreign contacts; Tim Cornell, ibid. (2003), 73–97, on Coriolanus; J. H. C. Williams,
Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy
(2001), on the Gallic question; Hanneke Wilson,
Wine and Words
(2003), 55–73, on women and wine; N. Purcell, in
Cambridge Ancient History
, volume VI (1994), 381–403 on South Italy and T. J. Cornell, ibid. volume VIII.2 (1989), 351–419; on Tarentum, G. C. Brauer Jun.,
Taras: Its History and Coinage
(1983) with P. Wuilleumier,
Tarente, des origines à la conquête romaine
(1939), a classic, J. Heurgon,
The Rise of Rome to 264
BC
(1973, English translation) is still excellent.