The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2552 page)
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Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett
(1832–1917).
The ‘father’ of cultural anthropology, whose most influential work was
Primitive Culture
(2 vols., 1871). In his view (first expressed in 1866), animism is the earliest form of religion, to be studied through ‘survivals’.
The ‘father’ of cultural anthropology, whose most influential work was
Primitive Culture
(2 vols., 1871). In his view (first expressed in 1866), animism is the earliest form of religion, to be studied through ‘survivals’.
Tyndale, William
,
or William Huchens
,
or William Huchens
(
c.
1494–1536).
Biblical translator and religious reformer. He was born in Gloucestershire, and worked for his BA and MA at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1506–15. From Oxford, he may have gone to Cambridge before becoming tutor to the children of Sir John Walsh in Gloucestershire (important for
Lollardy
) in 1522. After failing to gain patronage in London, Tyndale went probably to Wittenberg, but then to Cologne and to Worms (all connected with the Protestant
Reformation
). His translation of the New Testament was published in Worms in 1526 and was smuggled to England. The Pentateuch came next (Antwerp, 1530), the first translation ever made of Hebrew into English;
Joshua
and
II Chronicles
followed. His New Testament was ceremoniously burnt in London in 1526, and his own life was in danger from English spies and Henry VIII's allies. In 1535 he was imprisoned in the castle of Volvorde, and after trial for heresy he was strangled and burnt at the stake, 6 Oct. 1536, praying that God would ‘open the King of England's eyes’. His translations were not immediately used in England (when the Great Bible, see
COVERDALE
, was finally printed), but they underlie some 80 per cent of the
Authorized
Bible (1611).
c.
1494–1536).
Biblical translator and religious reformer. He was born in Gloucestershire, and worked for his BA and MA at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1506–15. From Oxford, he may have gone to Cambridge before becoming tutor to the children of Sir John Walsh in Gloucestershire (important for
Lollardy
) in 1522. After failing to gain patronage in London, Tyndale went probably to Wittenberg, but then to Cologne and to Worms (all connected with the Protestant
Reformation
). His translation of the New Testament was published in Worms in 1526 and was smuggled to England. The Pentateuch came next (Antwerp, 1530), the first translation ever made of Hebrew into English;
Joshua
and
II Chronicles
followed. His New Testament was ceremoniously burnt in London in 1526, and his own life was in danger from English spies and Henry VIII's allies. In 1535 he was imprisoned in the castle of Volvorde, and after trial for heresy he was strangled and burnt at the stake, 6 Oct. 1536, praying that God would ‘open the King of England's eyes’. His translations were not immediately used in England (when the Great Bible, see
COVERDALE
, was finally printed), but they underlie some 80 per cent of the
Authorized
Bible (1611).
Typology
(Gk.,
typos
, ‘example, figure’). A method of exegesis which takes a text as having a symbolic or anticipatory reference in addition to its apparent historical sense. It is characteristic of traditional Christian readings of the Old Testament.
typos
, ‘example, figure’). A method of exegesis which takes a text as having a symbolic or anticipatory reference in addition to its apparent historical sense. It is characteristic of traditional Christian readings of the Old Testament.
Tyrrell, George
(1861–1909).
Modernist
theologian. An Irish
Protestant
by birth, he became a
Roman Catholic
and joined the
Jesuits
in England. He became increasingly dissatisfied with
scholasticism
, and stressed the experiential aspects of religion and the relativity of theology and doctrinal formulations (e.g. in
Through Scylla and Charybdis
, 1907, and more radically in
Christianity at the Crossroads
, 1909). Expelled from the Jesuits in 1906, he suffered minor excommunication in 1907, and was refused Roman Catholic burial.
Modernist
theologian. An Irish
Protestant
by birth, he became a
Roman Catholic
and joined the
Jesuits
in England. He became increasingly dissatisfied with
scholasticism
, and stressed the experiential aspects of religion and the relativity of theology and doctrinal formulations (e.g. in
Through Scylla and Charybdis
, 1907, and more radically in
Christianity at the Crossroads
, 1909). Expelled from the Jesuits in 1906, he suffered minor excommunication in 1907, and was refused Roman Catholic burial.
Tzitzit
(fringes on a prayer shawl):
(fringes on a prayer shawl):
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