The Cyber Effect (45 page)

Carrier of illicit items on behalf of another person; a money mule receives and transfers cash for laundering.

Role-playing video game conducted online so that a very large number of people can participate simultaneously and interact. Also called
massive multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG)
.

Feigning, exaggerating, or self-inducing illness to command attention, and carrying out this deception online.

Excessive admiration of oneself and/or one's own appearance, often combined with self-aggrandizement and an extreme craving for admiration.

Personality disorder in which an individual's inflated sense of self-importance, deep need for admiration, and lack of empathy for others often masks hypersensitivity to criticism.

A measure designed to explore narcissistic behavior and sentiments.

Brain chemicals that relay signals between nerve cells and communicate information throughout the brain and body.

Anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions and unreasonable thoughts and/or fears that lead to repetitive and/or unnecessary behaviors.

The tendency to self-disclose, to say and do things in cyberspace that would not ordinarily be said or done in the real world.

Use of the Internet to find and associate with other like-minded individuals, to normalize and socialize underlying tendencies, and to combine in a joint effort.

Refers to contemporary understanding of privacy, particularly among youth.

A preference for atypical and unusual sexual practices.

Features of a digital service permitting adults to limit or filter content unsuitable for viewing by children.

Large establishments, chiefly in Asia, offering the use of computers with Internet connections to gamers for a fee. Also called
Internet café gaming centers, local area network (LAN) centers
.

Exploring a telephone system or manipulating it to use services without payment.

Unexpected intrusion into the field of view as a photograph is taken.

Unauthorized access, use, copying, or distribution of another's work.

In psychology, a theory that links beliefs and behavior.

An attractive trait or feature standing out in the first impression of an individual that may have the effect of overshadowing other features.

An anxious feeling—a primitive fear that has some basic survival value.

The desire of an individual to maintain privacy in conflict with the practice of sharing sensitive personal information online.

Technological initiatives aimed at resolving technology-facilitated social and behavioral problems.

A mental disorder characterized by enduring antisocial behavior, along with diminished empathy and remorse.

Illness or disorder caused or exacerbated by psychological or emotional factors.

Software program introduced to a victim's computer for malicious purposes, often compromising administrative control.

The public sharing of indecent or explicit images of a person without their consent.

An individual's tendency toward riskier behavior as a result of the influence of a group.

The science or study of the technology associated with the design, manufacture, theory, and application of robots.

Environmental or location-based theory of crime that explains how opportunities for crime are produced through day-to-day activities, and determines the likelihood of when and where criminal events may occur.

Deriving gratification, especially sexual pleasure, from inflicting pain and/or humiliation upon another.

False security warnings encouraging a victim to install damaging software.

The desire for self-fulfillment to maximize one's potential.

A general term used to refer to how someone thinks about themselves; an individual's belief about themselves, including the person's attributes and who and what the self is.

A photograph taken of oneself, typically with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media.

According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, a stage of development from birth to about twenty-four months of age when a baby uses its senses and motor skills to learn about its own behavior and reacts to different stimuli, such as movement and emotion.

Compulsive and escalating participation in sexual activities to the extent that other activities and interactions are negatively affected. Also called hypersexual disorder, compulsive sex behavior.

A form of blackmail and sexual exploitation that employs nonphysical forms of coercion by threatening to release sexual images or information to extort sexual favors or money from the victim.

The sending of sexually explicit messages or photos by using a cellphone or other device.

Transmission of information from a sender to a receiver understood in terms of evolutionary biology.

One of the worst-case scenarios rejected in security preparations for the 1972 Olympic Games as unlikely but that actually came to pass; now an axiom that hoping for the best will not prevent the worst from occurring.

Strategy of attack inducing human error, often tricking or manipulating individuals into breaching normal security protocols.

Metaphor describing an individual's willingness to disclose personal information or have an intimate discussion with a stranger or passing acquaintance.

Easily influenced by the opinion of another.

Any part of the World Wide Web that is readily available to the general public and searchable with standard Internet search engines.

The impact of technology on human behavior.

The impact of technology on society.

Psychosomatic symptoms amplified by online interactions.

Extreme anger caused by frustration with the operation of a technological device or system, sometimes accompanied by physical or verbal abuse directed at the device.

Losing track of time while immersed in an online environment.

Free software for enabling anonymous use of the Internet.

Suggested new metric or scale to identify, assess, and measure technological abilities.

Investigators from different disciplines working jointly to create integrated solutions to common problems.

In psychoanalysis, a form of displacement—for example assigning characteristics of a person from one's past, or projecting thoughts and wishes associated with that person, to a person in the present.

Referring to factors that explain the power and attraction of the Internet for sexual pursuits; anonymity, accessibility, and affordability.

A person deliberately posting malicious or inflammatory messages with the intent to provoke a negative response.

Term describing the wide pool of potential high-risk crime victims owing to global proliferation of technology.

The feeling of unease aroused by computer-generated figures or robots closely resembling human beings.

Online games containing incentives to continue play beyond points of normal physical or mental fatigue.

Commonly refers to the clarity of vision.

Sex offenders paying to direct and view live-streaming video footage of children in another country performing sexual acts in front of a webcam.

Distress caused to someone with a psychological or physical dependency when the addictive material is withdrawn.

“God is in the details”
: The idiom “The devil is in the details” means that mistakes are usually made in the small details of a project or exercise. Usually it is a caution to pay attention in order to avoid failure. An older and more common phrase, “God is in the details,” means that attention paid to small things has big rewards; in other words, details are important.

cyber juvenile delinquency
(hacking)
: M. P. Aiken (2016), “Not Kidding,”
Freud's The Brewery Journal: Cybercrime
6: 48–51.

the number of people with access to the Internet
:
itu.​int
, May 26, 2015.

The number of hours people spend on mobile phones
: “Smartphones: So Many Apps, So Much Time,”
Nielsen.​com/​us
, July 1, 2014.

checked their devices more than fifteen hundred times
: “How Often Do YOU Look at Your Phone?,”
MailOnline
, October 7, 2014.

there are several apps that will count
: The advent of the “checkyapp” (
checkyapp.​com
), intended to help raise mobile phone users' awareness of their habits, was reported by S. Perez, “How Many Times a Day Do You Check Your Phone? Checky Will Tell You,”
TechCrunch.​com
, September 15, 2014.

“The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown”
: J. S. Radesky, J. Schumacher, and
B. Zuckerman (2014), “Mobile and Interactive Media Use by Young Children: The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown,”
Pediatrics
135(1): 1–3.

the
online disinhibition effect
:
J. Suler (2004), “The Online Disinhibition Effect,”
Cyberpsychology and Behavior
7(3): 321–26; and J. Suler (2005), “The Online Disinhibition Effect,”
International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies
2(2): 184–88. For Suler's work in general, see his regularly revised online book
The Psychology of Cyberspace
, at
rider.​edu
.

online escalation
: R. W. White and E. Horvitz (2009), “Cyberchondria”
ACM Transactions on Information Systems
27(4), Article No. 23. Also see M. Aiken, G. Kirwan, M. Berry, and C. A. O'Boyle (2012), “The Age of Cyberchondria,”
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Student Medical Journal
5(1): 71–74.

Cyberstalking
: K. Baum, S. Catalano, M. Rand, and K. Rose (2009),
Stalking Victimization in the United States
, U.S. Department of Justice, pp. 1–16,
victimsofcrime.​org
.

he announced he was running for political office
: Jordan Haskins campaign website:
jordan​haskins​for95th​district​statere​presenta​tive.​yolasite.​com
.

“I've found my niche”
: “Felony Convictions Linked to Sexual Fetish ‘Haunt Me,' ”
Mlive.​com
, June 27, 2014.

the most common fetishes
: M. D. Griffiths, “Survival of the Fetish: A Brief Overview of Bizarre Sexual Behaviours,”
psycho​logytoday.​com
, January 7, 2014.

“When now I announce that the fetish”
: J. Strachey (trans.) (1964),
The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
, vol. XXI (London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis), 152–53.

a boy may associate arousal
: R. Crooks and K. Baur (2011),
Our Sexuality
, 11th ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth), 499.

an anticipation of a reward
: S. A. McLeod (2007/2013), “Pavlov's Dogs,”
simplyp​sychology.​org
.

the “ ‘vroom' of the engine”
: “Growing Fetish Trend: Pedal-Pumping, Revving and Cranking,”
The Independent
(online), March 29, 2010.

In one classical conditioning experiment
: S. Rachman and R. J. Hodgson (1968), “Experimentally-Induced ‘Sexual Fetishism': Replication and Development,”
Psychological Record
18: 25–27.

To be diagnosed with a paraphilia disorder
: American Psychiatric Association (2013),
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5
(Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing), 685–705.

responding sexually to sadomasochistic narratives
: A. C. Kinsey, W. B.
Pomeroy, C. E. Martin, and P. H. Gebhard (1953),
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company), 676–78.

sexual gratification from inflicting pain
: M. Hunt (1974),
Sexual Behavior in the 1970s
(New York: Playboy Press).

sadomasochistic sexual fantasies
: R. B. Krueger (2010), “The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Sexual Masochism,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
39(2): 346–56.

reported to have rape fantasies
: J. W. Critelli and J. M. Bivona (2008), “Women's Erotic Rape Fantasies: An Evaluation of Theory and Research,”
The Journal of Sex Research
45(1): 57–70.

tying up their partner
: W. B. Arndt, Jr., J. C. Foehl, and F. E. Good (1985), “Specific Sexual Fantasy Themes: A Multidimensional Study,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
48(2): 472–80.

disturbing aspect of
Fifty Shades:
On her personal webpage,
eljamesauthor.​com
,
Fifty Shades
author E. L. James describes her trilogy as “adult romance.”

bondage and domination imagery
: P. E. Dietz and B. Evans (1982), “Pornographic Imagery and Prevalence of Paraphilia,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
139(11): 1493–95.

Internet searches for BDSM porn
: “ ‘Fifty Shades of Grey' Effect: BDSM More Popular Than Ever, Especially with New Yorkers,”
booksnreview.​com
, August 30, 2012. See also M. Haber, “A Hush-Hush Topic No More,”
NYTimes.​com
, February 27, 2013.

Membership in FetLife
:
FetLife.​com
.

individuals who practice sadomasochism
: R. B. Krueger (2010), “The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Sexual Masochism,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
39(2): 346–56.

“sociological and social psychological studies”
: T. S. Weinberg (2006), “Sadomasochism and the Social Sciences: A Review of the Sociological and Social Psychological Literature,”
Journal of Homosexuality
50(2): 37.

Several unusual things were found
: D. McDonald and N. Anderson, “Graham Dwyer Trial: Latex Bodysuit Found in Elaine O'Hara's Flat, Court Hears,” Irish
Independent
, January 1, 2015.

Elaine's emotional age
: C. Gleeson, “Father's Partner Tells of Concerns over Elaine O'Hara Self-Harming,”
The Irish Times
, January 26, 2015.

she had asked him to kill her
: C. Ó Fátharta and N. Dwyer, “Elaine's Father: Architect Refused Request to Kill Her,”
Irish Examiner
, January 24, 2015.

her remains were found in the underbrush
: E. Edwards, “Graham Dwyer Trial: Knives, Mobile Phone and Handcuffs Among Items in Reservoir,”
Irish Times
, January 29, 2015.

“My urge to rape, stab or kill”
: P. Flanagan and N. Reid, “Murder Trial Told Graham Dwyer Sent a Text to Victim Allegedly Saying: ‘My Urge to Rape, Stab or Kill Is Huge,' ”
Irish Mirror
, January 22, 2015.

O'Hara left behind a notebook
: D. McDonald and N. Anderson, “Graham Dwyer Trial: Latex Bodysuit Found in Elaine O'Hara's Flat, Court Hears,” Irish
Independent
, January 1, 2015.

“Technology is a killer”
: C. Cromie, S. Stack, and B. Hutton, “Graham Dwyer Guilty: Sadist Architect Stabbed Dublin Woman Elaine O'Hara to Death During Sex,”
Belfast Telegraph
, March 27, 2015.

now bans images that depict abusive
: H. Saul, “UK Porn Legislation: What Is Now Banned Under New Government Laws,”
The Independent
, December 2, 2014.

he befriended female strangers online
: R. Weiner, “Anthony Weiner Details How Many Women He's Had Online Relationships With,”
The Washington Post
, July 25, 2013.

study at Ohio State University
: R. Nauert, “Posting of Selfies May Suggest Personality Issues,”
psychcentral.​com
, January 7, 2015.

men who post a lot of selfies
: J. Fox and M. C. Rooney (2015), “The Dark Triad and Trait Self-Objectification as Predictors of Men's Use and Self-Presentation Behaviors on Social Networking Sites,”
Personality and Individual Differences
76: 161–65.

A bizarre case in the U.K.
: E. Griffiths, “Warning over new ‘cyber flashing' crime after woman's iPhone is bombarded with explicit images on train,”
Mirror
, August 13, 2015.

“I want to again say”
: R. Weiner, “Anthony Weiner Acknowledges More Explicit Texts,”
The Washington Post
, July 23, 2013.

“Maybe if the Internet didn't exist”
: M. Sella, “The Year of Living Carlos Dangerously,”
GQ
,
gq.​com
, October 16, 2013.

Instead, he lost the mayoral primary
: “New York City Primary Results,”
NYTimes.​com
, September 16, 2013.

he whipped out his middle finger
: The moment was captured in photographs by
@KateRoseMe
and
@LindseyChrist
and posted on Twitter, where they are still available for viewing. See W. Hickey, “Photo: Anthony Weiner Ends His Campaign by Giving the Press the Finger,”
business​insider.​com
, September 10, 2013.

voyeurism
, also known as
scopophilia:
B. J. Sadock and V. A. Sadock (2008),
Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry
, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), 322.

Rabbi Barry Freundel
: K. L. Alexander, S. Pulliam Bailey, and M. Boorstein, “D.C. Rabbi Pleads Guilty to Voyeurism Charges,”
The Washington Post
, February 19, 2015.

Jared James Abrahams
: K. Gander, “Miss Teen USA Webcam Hacker Jared James Abrahams Sentenced to 18 Months in Prison,”
The Independent
, March 18, 2014.

“I wasn't aware that somebody was watching”
: “More Than 90 People Arrested in ‘Creepware' Hacker Sting as Victim Miss Teen USA Describes ‘Terror' at Being Watched Through Her Webcam for a YEAR,”
MailOnline
, May 25, 2014.

more than 70 million computers
: statistics sourced from Gartner, International Data Corporation, and published on
statisticbrain.​com
, January 14, 2015.

unknown fetishes like cranking
: “10 unusual fetishes with massive online followings,”
criminal​justice​degrees​guide.​com
.

Alexandra Tobias
:
News4Jax.​com
, February 1, 2011. Notably it has been reported that the day before the death, Tobias took a personality test on the Internet, which labeled her bipolar: D. Hunt, “Jacksonville Mom Who Killed Baby While Playing FarmVille Gets 50 Years,”
The Florida Times-Union
, February 1, 2011.

impulsivity
: C. G. Coutlee, C. S. Politzer, R. H. Hoyle, and S. A. Huettel (2014), “An Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale Constructed Through Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11,”
Archives of Scientific Psychology
2: 2.

a list of thirty simple statements
: J. H. Patton, M. S. Stanford, and E. S. Barratt (1995), “Factor Structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale,”
Journal of Clinical Psychology
51(6): 768–774.

response inhibition
: W. Ding et al. (2014), “Trait Impulsivity and Impaired Prefrontal Impulse Inhibition Function in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Addiction Revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI Study,”
Behavioral and Brain Functions
10: 20.

excessive Internet use
: F. Cao and L. Su (2007), “Internet Addiction Among Chinese Adolescents: Prevalence and Psychological Features,”
Child: Care, Health and Development
33(3): 275–81. See also G. J. Meerkerk, R. J. J. M. van den Eijnden, I. H. A. Franken, and H. F. L. Garretsen (2010), “Is Compulsive Internet Use Related to Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment, and Impulsivity?”
Computers in Human Behavior
26(4): 729–35.

study of pigeons
: D. A. Eckerman and R. N. Lanson (1969), “Variability of Response Location for Pigeons Responding Under Continuous Reinforcement, Intermittent Reinforcement, and Extinction,”
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
12(1): 73–80.

Dopamine
: P. M. Newton, “What Is Dopamine?: The Neurotransmitter's Role in the Brain and Behavior,”
psychology​today.​com
, April 26, 2009.

called “a heart-stopper”
: M. Woolf, “That Irresistible Urge to Scratch: Lottery/Instants Fever,”
The Independent
, April 15, 1995.

In game design this is called “fun failure”
: M. Breeze, “A Quiet Killer: Why Video Games Are So Addictive,”
TheNextWeb.​com
, January 12, 2013.

“stimulates the release of loads of dopamine”
: E. Ritvo, “Facebook and Your Brain: The Inside Dope on Facebook,”
psychology​today.​com
, May 24, 2012.

a brain response similar to the release of dopamine
: D. I. Tamir and J. P. Mitchell (2012), “Disclosing Information About the Self Is Intrinsically Rewarding,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
109(21): 8038–43.

“It is the mammalian motivational engine”
: E. Yoffe, “Seeking: How the Brain Hard-Wires Us to Love Google, Twitter, and Texting. And Why That's Dangerous,”
Slate.​com
, August 12, 2009.

what we think of as our “core-self”
: K. Badt, “Depressed? Your ‘SEEKING' System Might Not Be Working: A Conversation with Neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp,”
huffingtonpost.​com
, September 17, 2013.

The Latin word
addictus:
R. E. Cytowic, “Ambivalence in Addiction,”
psychology​today.​com
, November 13, 2015.

A 2015 study found that Americans
: L. Eadicicco, “Americans Check Their Phones 8 Billion Times a Day,”
Time.​com
, December 15, 2015.

tests to take online
:
behaviorhealth.​bizcalcs.​com
.

signaling theory in marketing
: B. Dunham (2011), “The Role for Signaling Theory and Receiver Psychology in Marketing,” in G. Saad (ed.),
Evolutionary Psychology in the Business Sciences
. (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer), 225–56.

apps created to help…break these patterns of behavior
: K. Montgomery, “To Solve Phone Addiction, App Shows How Many Times You Check Your Phone,”
Gawker.​com
, September 16, 2014.

For 2017, the number of cellphone users
: Forecast of number of cellphone users worldwide (2013 to 2019) found at
www.​statista.​com
.

dangers of being “too connected”
: K. Young (2015), “What You Need to Know About Internet Addiction,”
tedxtalks.​ted.​com/​video/​What-​You-​Need-​to-​Know-​About-​Int
.

The cravings they described
: E. Aboujaoude et al. (2006), “Potential Markers for Problematic Internet Use: A Telephone Survey of 2,513 Adults,”
CNS Spectrums
11(10): 750–55.

Korea…China
: See M. H. Hur (2006), “Demographic, Habitual, and Socioeconomic Determinants of Internet Addiction Disorder: an Empirical
Study of Korean Teenagers,”
Cyberpsychology & Behavior
9(5): 514–25; J. J. Block (2008), “Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
165 (3): 306–7.

Italian adolescents
: L. Milani, D. Osualdella, and P. Di Blasio (2009), “Quality of Interpersonal Relationships and Problematic Internet Use in Adolescence,”
CyberPsychology & Behavior
12(6): 681–4.

seven European countries
: A. Tsitsika et al. (2014), “Internet Addictive Behavior in Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study in Seven European Countries,”
CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking
17(8): 528–35.

“overusing, abusing, or misusing their devices”
: K. Wallace, “10 Signs You Might Be Addicted to Your Smartphone,”
CNN.​com
, November 25, 2014.

“the need to seek out variety”
: E. Hartney, “Is Compulsive Shopping Really an Addiction?,”
verywell.​com
, April 5, 2016.

active users of eBay
:
statista.​com

“I feel a literal rush”
: momma*jess, “Retail Therapy Syndrome: Shopping Addiction 101,”
eBay.​com
, March 16, 2007.

“In more serious cases”
: K. Young,
netaddiction.​com/​ebay
.

“Chris lived for his Xbox”
: R. Twomey, “Xbox Addict, 20, Killed by Blood Clot After 12-Hour Gaming Sessions,”
Daily Mail
, July 30, 2011 (updated January 6, 2016).

DVT is caused by inactivity
: M. G. Beckman, W. C. Hooper, S. E. Critchley, and T. L. Ortel (2010), “Venous Thromboembolism: A Public Health Concern,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
38(suppl. 4): S495–S501.

“gamer's thrombosis”
: B. Gholipour, “Gamer's Thrombosis: How Playing Too Long Could Be Deadly,”
LiveScience.​com
, December 10, 2013.

A number of fatalities
: A. Rudd, “Diablo Death: Teenager Dies After Playing Video Game for 40 Hours Without Eating or Sleeping,”
Mirror
, July 18, 2012.

professional gaming is now a multimillion-dollar industry
: S. Y. Hwang, “South Korea's Game Addiction Law Could Treat Games Like Drugs and Alcohol,”
CNET.​com
, June 23, 2014.

A spike of concern was provoked
: M. Tran, “Girl Starved to Death While Parents Raised Virtual Child in Online Game,”
The Guardian
, March 5, 2010.

The results showed that their cravings
: C. Ko et al. (2009), “Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction,”
Journal of Psychiatric Research
43(7): 739–47.

Internet Gaming Disorder
: Internet Gaming Disorder is a “Condition for Further Study” in the DSM-5: American Psychiatric Association (2013),
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition
(Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing).

The APA suggested that these four
: A. Weinstein and M. Lejoyeux (2010), “Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use,”
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
36(5): 277–83.

In South Korea, the government
: “Gaming Addiction Is Real and Growing Problem,”
The Korea Herald
, November 13, 2013.

Taiwan
: M. Locker, “This Place Just Made It Illegal to Give Kids Too Much Screen Time,”
Time.​com
, January 26, 2015.

“we see addicted gamers”
: K. Young, “Should video games be considered a collegiate sport? I say No…”
netad​diction​recovery.​blogspot.​com
, November 10, 2014.

Stanford Marshmallow Experiments
: The original Stanford experiment involved pretzels and animal cookies, but no marshmallows: W. Mischel and E. B. Ebbesen (1970), “Attention in Delay of Gratification,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
16(2): 329–37. The marshmallows were introduced in a 1972 follow-up study: W. Mischel, E. B. Ebbesen, and A. Raskoff Zeiss (1972), “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
21(2): 204–18.
   On educational achievements, see Y. Shoda, W. Mischel, and P. K. Peake (1990), “Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool Delay of Gratification: Identifying Diagnostic Conditions,”
Developmental Psychology
26(6): 978–86.
   On BMI, see T. R. Schlam, N. L. Wilson, Y. Shoda, W. Mischel, and O. Ayduk (2013), “Preschoolers' Delay of Gratification Predicts Their Body Mass 30 Years Later,”
The Journal of Pediatrics
162(1): 90–93.

children and teens diagnosed with some behavioral disorders
: L. Davis (n.d.), “Risk of Internet Addiction Higher in Teens with ADHD and Depression,”
video-​game-​addiction.​org
.

compulsive behaviors are “produced” by different games
: M. Breeze, “A Quiet Killer: Why Video Games Are so Addictive,”
TheNextWeb.​com
, January 12, 2013.

(As many as 41 percent)
: Z. Hussain and M. D. Griffiths (2009), “Excessive Use of Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games: A Pilot Study,”
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
7(4): 563–71.

depression and “low locus of control”
: E. Andreou and H. Svoli (2013), “The Association Between Internet User Characteristics and Dimensions of Internet Addiction Among Greek Adolescents,”
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
11(2): 139–48.

the “power of positive thinking”
: Norman Vincent Peale's famous book continues to resonate over half a century after it was first published: N. V. Peale (1952),
The Power of Positive Thinking
(Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall).

negative social, behavioral, and health consequences
: W. Ding et al. (2014), “Trait Impulsivity and Impaired Prefrontal Impulse Inhibition Function in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Addiction Revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI Study,”
Behavioral and Brain Functions
10: 20. See also A. Weinstein and M. Lejoyeux (2010), “Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use,”
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
36(5): 277–83.

“[T]hey promise more than they deliver”
: C. Peterson, S. F. Maier, M. E. P. Seligman (1993),
Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control
(New York: Oxford University Press), 307–8.

In 2015, the cellphone pornography business
:
internet​safety101.​org/​mobilest​atistics.​htm
.

“Hypersexual Disorder”
: M. P. Kafka (2010), “Hypersexual Disorder: A Proposed Diagnosis for DSM-V,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
39: 377–400.

the APA chose to disregard
: R. Weiss, “New Research Supports Sexual Addiction as a Legitimate Diagnosis,”
rehabs.​com
, August 18, 2014.

“the Triple A Engine”
: A. Cooper (1998), “Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the New Millennium,”
Cyberpsychology & Behavior
1(2): 187–93.

Both gaming and porn
: P. Zimbardo (2011), “The Demise of Guys?,”
TED.​com
.

treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
: M. P. Aiken and M. J. Berry (2015), “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Possibilities for Olfaction and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy,”
Virtual Reality
19(2): 95–109.

Maladaptive behavior:
D. Busse and I. S. Yim (2013), in M. D. Gellman and J. R. Turner (eds.),
Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine
(New York: Springer), 1187–88.