The Domesticated Brain (34 page)

Kate L. Powell, Gilbert Roberts and Daniel Nettle (2012), ‘Eye images increase charitable donations: Evidence from an opportunistic field experiment in a supermarket’,
Ethology
, 118, 1–6.

M. Ernest-Jones, D. Nettle and M. Bateson (2011), ‘Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: a field experiment’,
Evol. Hum. Behav
. 32, 172–8.

39
. Mike Tomasello (2009), ‘Why We Cooperate’,
Boston Review
.

40
. M. Tomasello and M. J. Farrar (1986), ‘Joint attention and early language’,
Child Development,
57, 1454–63.

41
. G. Butterworth (2003), ‘Pointing is the royal road to language for babies’ in S. Kita (ed.),
Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet,
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 9–33.

42
. Others believe that apes share all the same communicative gestures and joint attention as humans. David A. Leavens (2012), ‘Joint attention: twelve myths’ in
Joint attention: New developments in Psychology, Philosophy of Mind, and Social Neuroscience
, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 43–72.

43
. Anne Fernald and T. Simon (1984), ‘Expanded intonation contours in mothers’ speech to newborns’,
Developmental Psychology
, 20, 104–13.

44
. Andrew N. Meltzoff and Rechele Brooks (2001), ‘ “Like me” as a building block for understanding other minds: bodily acts, attention, and intention’ in Betram F. Malle and Dare Baldwin (eds),
Intentions and Intentionality: Foundations of Social Cognition
, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 171–91.

45
. Rod Parker-Rees (2007), ‘Liking to be liked: imitation, familiarity and pedagogy in the first years of life’,
Early Years
, 27, 3–17.

46
. Andrew N. Meltzoff (1995), ‘Apprehending the intentions of others. Re-enactment of intended acts by 18-month-old children’,
Developmental Psychology
, 31, 838–50.

47
. G. Gergely, H. Bekkering and I. Kiraly (2002), ‘Rational imitation in preverbal infants’,
Nature
, 415, 755.

48
. V. Horner and A. Whiten (2005), ‘Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens)’,
Animal Cognition
, 8, 164–81.

49
. Derek E. Lyons, Andrew G. Young, and Frank C. Keil (2007), ‘The hidden structure of over imitation’,
Proceedings of the National Academy
, 104, 19751–6.

50
. P. A. Herrmann, C. H. Legare, P. L. Harris and H. Whitehouse (2013), ‘Stick to the script: The effect of witnessing multiple actors on children’s imitation’,
Cognition,
129, 536–43.

51
. C. H. Legare and P. A. Herrmann (2013), ‘Cognitive consequences and constraints on reasoning about ritual’,
Religion, Brain and Behavior, 3
, 63–5.

52
. A. Phillips, H. M. Wellman and E. S. Spelke (2002), ‘Infants’ ability to connect gaze and emotional expression to intentional action’,
Cognition
, 85, 53–78.

53
. S. Itakura, H. Ishida, T. Kanda, Y. Shimada, H. Ishiguro
et al.
(2008), ‘How to build an intentional android: Infant imitation of a robot’s goal-directed actions’,
Infancy
, 13, 519–32.

54
. R. W. Byrne and A. Whiten (eds) (1988), ‘Machiavellian Intelligence. Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect’ in
Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

55
. A. Gopnik and J. W. Astington (1988), ‘Children’s understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance reality distinction’,
Child Development
, 59, 26–37.

56
. Jean Piaget and Barbel Inhelder (1956),
The Child’s Conception of Space
, London: Routledge & Keegan Paul.

57
. Hans Wimmer and Josef Perner (1983), ‘Beliefs about beliefs: Representations and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception’,
Cognition
, 13, 103–28.

58
. Kristine H. Onishi and Renée Baillargeon (2005), ‘Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs’,
Science
, 308, 255–8.

59
. Carla Krachun, Malinda Carpenter, Josep Call and Michael Tomasello (2009), ‘A competitive nonverbal false belief task for children and apes’,
Developmental Science
, 12, 521–35.

60
. Susan A. Birch and Paul Bloom (2007), ‘The curse of knowledge in reasoning about false beliefs’,
Psychological Science
, 18, 382–6.

61
. Ian Apperly (in press), ‘Can theory of mind grow up? Mindreading in adults, and its implications for the development and neuroscience of mindreading’ in S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg and M. Lombardo (eds),
Understanding Other Minds
(third edition).

62
. Lawrence A. Hirschfeld (2013), ‘The Myth of Mentalizing and the Primacy of Folk Sociology’ in M. R. Banaji and S. A. Gelman (eds),
Navigating the Social World
, New York: Oxford University Press.

63
. David Liu and Kimberly E. Vanderbilt (2013), ‘Children Learn From and About Variability Between People’ in M. R. Banaji and S. A. Gelman (eds),
Navigating the Social World. What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us,
New York: Oxford University Press.

64
. C. H. Legare (2012), ‘Exploring explanation: Explaining inconsistent information guides hypothesis-testing behavior in young children’,
Child Development
, 83, 173–85.

CHAPTER 3

1
. The exact cause of Joseph Merrick’s condition is still unresolved but candidate diseases of Proteus Syndrome and neurofibromatosis Type I have been suggested.

2
. M. Howell and P. Ford (1992) [1980],
The True History of the Elephant Man
(third edition), London: Penguin.

3
. I. Stevenson (1992), ‘A new look at maternal impressions: an analysis of 50 published cases and reports of two recent examples’,
Journal of Scientific Exploration
, 6, 353–373.

4
. Clarence Maloney (1976),
The Evil Eye
, New York: Columbia University Press.

5
. E. A. Kensinger and D. L. Schacter (2005), ‘Emotional content and reality monitoring ability: fMRI evidence for the influence of encoding processes’,
Neuropsychologica
, 43, 1429–43.

6
. M. Joëls, Z. Pu, O. Wiegert, M. S. Oitzl and H. J. Krugers (2006), ‘Learning under stress: how does it work?’,
Trends in Cognitive Science,
10, 152–8.

7
. R. Rachel Yehuda, Stephanie Mulherin Engel, Sarah R. Brand, Jonathan Seckl, Sue M. Marcus, and Gertrud S. Berkowitz (2005), ‘Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy’,
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
, 90, 4115–18.

8
. Quote from
Discover
Magazine article published online 14 October 2010:
http://discovermagazine.com/2010/oct/11-how-did-9–11-affect-pregnant-mothers-children

9
. J. Kagan, (1994),
Galen’s Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature
, New York: Basic Books.

10
. K. J. Saudino (2005), ‘Behavioral genetics and child temperament’,
Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics
, 26, 214–33.

11
. N. A. Fox, H. A. Henderson, K. H. Rubin, S. D. Calkins and L. A. Schmidt (2001), ‘Continuity and discontinuity of behavioural inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioural influences across the first four years of life’,
Child Development
, 72, 1–21.

12
. J. Bowlby (1969),
Attachment
,
Attachment and Loss
, Vol. 1
,
London: Hogarth Press.

13
. K. Lorenz (1943), ‘Die Angebornen Formen mogicher Erfahrung’,
Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie,
5, 233–409.

14
. M. H. Johnson & J. Morton (1991),
Biology and Cognitive Development: The Case of Face Recognition
, Oxford: Blackwell.

15
. P. S. Zeskind and B. M. Lester, (2001), ‘Analysis of infant crying’ in L. T. Singer and P. S. Zeskind (eds),
Biobehavioral Assessment of the Infant
, New York: Guilford, pp. 149–66.

16
. E. E. Maccoby (1980),
Social Development: Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship
, New York: Harcourt Brace Janovich.

17
. H. F. Harlow (1958), ‘The nature of love’,
American Psychologist
, 13, 573–685.

18
. M. Rutter, T. G. O’Connor and The English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team (2004), ‘Are there biological programming effects for psychological development? Findings from a study of Romanian adoptees’,
Developmental Psychology
, 40, 81–94.

19
. J. A. Whitson and A. D. Galinsky (2008), ‘Lacking control increases illusory pattern perception’,
Science
, 322, 115–17.

20
. T. V. Salomons, T. Johnstone, M. Backonja and R. J. Davidson (2004), ‘Perceived controllability modulates the neural response to pain’,
Journal of Neuroscience
, 24, 7199–203.

21
. L. Murray, A. Fiori-Cowley, R. Hooper and P. Cooper (1996), ‘The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome’,
Child Development
, 67, 2512–26.

22
C. M. Pariante and A. H. Miller (2001), ‘Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: Relevance to pathophysiology and treatment’,
Biological Psychiatry
, 49, 391–404.

23
. C. S. de Kloet, E. Vermetten, E. Geuze, A. Kavelaars, C. J. Heijnen and H. G. M. Westenberg (2006), ‘Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review’,
Journal of Psychiatric Research,
40, 550–67.