The End of Doom (43 page)

“paralyzing principle”:
Sunstein, “The Paralyzing Principle.”

modern pesticides:
Gary Marchant et al., Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST),
Impact of the Precautionary Principle on Feeding Current and Future Generations
. Issue Paper 52. CAST, Ames, Iowa, 2013.

time from drug discovery to marketing:
David J. Stewart, Simon N. Whitney, and Razelle Kurzrock, “Equipoise Lost: Ethics, Costs, and the Regulation of Cancer Clinical Research.”
Journal of Clinical Oncology
28.17 (June 10, 2010): 2925–2935.
jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/17/2925.abstract
.

faster FDA drug approvals:
Tomas Philipson et al., “Assessing the Safety and the Efficacy of the FDA: The Case of the Prescription Drug User Fee Acts.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11724, October 2005.
www.nber.org/papers/w11724.pdf?new_window=1
.

FDA announces its approval:
Sam Kazman,“Drug Approvals and Deadly Delays.”
Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons,
November 1, 2010, 101–103.
www.jpands.org/vol15no4/kazman.pdf
.

“there is no clear evidence”:
“Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer,” National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, 2009.
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/artificial-sweeteners
.

“the current body of evidence”:
Commission on Life Sciences,
Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields
. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1997, 2 [online].
fermat.nap.edu/books/0309054478/html/2.html
.

seven-year epidemiological study:
Questions and Answers About the National Cancer Institute/Children's Cancer Group Study Finds Magnetic Fields Do Not Raise Children's Leukemia Risk, NIH Press Release, July 2, 1997.
www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul97/ncib-02.htm
.

“The EMF controversy”:
Robert Park, “Voodoo Science and the Power-Line Panic.”
Forbes,
May 15, 2000, 128.

ordinance requiring radiation warning labels:
Ronnie Cohen, “San Francisco Surrenders in Fight Over Cell Phone Warnings.” Reuters, May 8, 2013.
www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/08/us-usa-sanfrancisco-cellphones-idUSBRE9470I720130508
.

“to date there is no evidence”:
“Cell Phones and Cancer Risk.” National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, 2013.
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones
.

“full and inclusive assessments”:
Eric Hoffman et al.
The Principles for the Oversight of Synthetic Biology
. Friends of the Earth, March 2012.

“rooted in the precautionary principle”:
Eric Hoffman, “Global Coalition Calls for Oversight of Synthetic Biology.” Friends of the Earth, March 13, 2012.

“synthetic biology does not”:
Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues,
New Directions: The Ethics of Synthetic Biology and Emerging Technologies
. December 1, 2010, 124.

“a more comprehensive application”:
Georgia Miller, “Who's Afraid of the Precautionary Principle.” Friends of the Earth, 2010.
nano.foe.org.au/node/186
.

“not to judge things”:
Fr
é
d
é
ric Bastiat, “What Is Seen and Unseen.”
Selected Essays in Political Economy,
Library of Economics and Liberty.
www.econlib.org/library/Bastiat/basEss1.html
.

Why is it safer”:
Jonathan Adler, “The Problems with Precaution: A Principle Without Principle.”
The American,
May 25, 2011.

“The rhetoric works”:
Aaron Wildavsky and Adam Wildavsky, “Risk and Safety. “
Concise Encyclopedia of Economics,
2nd ed.
www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RiskandSafety.html
.

forbade the chemical manufacturer:
Ronald Bailey
, “Brain Drain.”
Forbes,
November 27, 1989, 261.

“generic focus on new products”:
Gary Marchant et al., Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST).
Impact of the Precautionary Principle on Feeding Current and Future Generations
. Issue Paper 52. CAST, Ames, Iowa, 2013.

“The true key to the timing”:
Joel Mokyr,
The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.

“Liberalism and science”:
Timothy Ferris in Michael Shermer, “Democracy's Laboratory: Are Science and Politics Interrelated?”
Scientific American,
September 2010.
www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=democracys-laboratory
.

“Human reason can neither predict”:
Friedrich Hayek,
The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition,
ed. Ronald Hamowy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, 94.

Wherever the institutions:
Daron Acemo
ğ
lu and James Robinson
, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
. New York: Crown Business, 2012.

freedom means the renunciation:
Friedrich A. Hayek,
The Constitution of Liberty
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978, 572.
nazbol.net/library/authors/Friedrich%20August%20Hayek/Friedrich_Hayek%20-%20The_constitution_of_liberty.pdf
.

“Nowhere is freedom”:
Hayek,
The Constitution of Liberty,
394.

4. What Cancer Epidemic?

“growing scientific consensus”:
Pesticide Action Network, “Cancer.”
www.panna.org/your-health/cancer
.

“Consider the deadly”:
Paul Farrell, “World War III: The 12-Bomb Equation.”
Wall Street Journal
MarketWatch, September 29, 2009.
mammonmessiah.blogspot.com/2010/06/paul-farrell-world-war-iii-12-bomb.html
.

“the true burden of”:
Tiffany O'Callaghan, “President's Panel Analyzes Environmental Cancer Impact.”
Time,
May 6, 2010.
healthland.time.com/2010/05/06/presidents-panel-analyzes-environmental-cancer-impact/
.

“With nearly 80,000”:
LaSalle D. Leffall Jr. and Margaret L. Kripke
, Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Can Do Now
. National Cancer Institute, President's Cancer Panel, April 2010.
deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/pcp/annualReports/pcp08-09rpt/PCP_Report_08-09_508.pdf
.

“Another possible threat”:
Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, “Can a Collapse of Global Civilization Be Avoided?”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B
282.1801 (March 7, 2013).
rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1754/20122845.full
.

seven out of ten Americans:
Kevin Stein, Luhua Zhao, Corrine Crammer, and Ted Gansler, “Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Beliefs Regarding Cancer Risks.”
Cancer
100.5 (September 1, 2007): 1139–1148.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22880/full
.

“Because the rate”:
Rebecca Viksnins Snowden, “Cancer Death Rate Steadily Declining,” citing John R. Seffrin, American Cancer Society, May 27, 2009.
www.cancer.org/cancer/news/cancer-death-rate-steadily-declining
.

“It is gratifying”:
Harold Varmus, cited in “Report to the Nation Finds Continued Declines in Many Cancer Rates.” National Cancer Institute, March 21, 2011.
www.cancer.gov/newscenter/newsfromnci/2011/ReportNation2011Release
.

“Carson used DDT”:
Pesticide Action Network, “The DDT Story.”
www.panna.org/issues/persistent-poisons/the-ddt-story
.

“wonder insecticide”:
Edmund Russell,
War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects Using Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring
. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

“to only a few chemicals”:
Tina Rosenberg, NAS report cited in “What the World Needs Now Is DDT.”
New York Times Magazine,
April 11, 2004.
www.acadiau.ca/~sskjei/cgi-bin/2713/Readings/rosenberg.pdf
.

“In 1820 about”:
Francis Joseph Weiss, “Chemical Agriculture.”
Scientific American,
August 1, 1952, 18.

Agricultural productivity in the United States:
Fast Facts About Agriculture. American Farm Bureau Federation, 2014.
www.fb.org/index.php?fuseaction=newsroom.fastfacts
.

first cases of evolving insect resistance:
Peter Jentsch,
Historical Perspectives on Fruit Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Chemistries
. Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab.
web.entomology.cornell.edu/jentsch/assets/historical-perspectives-on-apple-production.pdf
.

DDT is as carcinogenic:
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC),
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
. World Health Organization, March 31, 2014.
monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/
.

largely dismissed the notion:
Deposition of Wilhelm C. Hueper, MD, May 24, 1957,
Lowe v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.
legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vbk79a00;jsessionid=3F7F4CA89C0E4511C7A343999A512CC3.tobacco03
.

“that Americans born since”:
Paul Ehrlich, “Eco-Catastrophe.”
Ramparts,
September 1969, 26.
www.unz.org/Pub/Ramparts-1969sep-00024
.

Fifty years later:
SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Leukemia.
seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html
.

relationship of cancer incidence to increasing age:
Robin P. Hertz, Margaret McDonald, and Kimary Kulig,
The Burden of Cancer in American Adults
. Pfizer Global Pharmaceuticals, 2003.
www.pfizer.com/files/products/The_Burden_of_Cancer_in_American_Adults.pdf
.

The American Cancer Society reports:
“What Are the Key Statistics for Childhood Cancer?” American Cancer Society, January 31, 2014.
www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerinchildren/detailedguide/cancer-in-children-key-statistics
; Cancer Facts and Figures 2014, Special Section: “Cancer in Children and Adolescents.” American Cancer Society, 2014.
www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/webcontent/acspc-041787.pdf
.

age-adjusted incidence rates:
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, SEER Cancer Statistics Review (1975–2009), Table 2.1, National Cancer Institute.
seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2009_pops09/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=2&pageSEL=sect_02_Table.01.html
.

“is not believed to be causally related”:
Eugenia Calle et al., “Organochlorines and Breast Cancer Risk.”
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
52.5 (September/October 2002): 301–309.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.52.5.301/full
.

“Exposure to carcinogenic agents”:
Cancer Facts and Figures 2014, American Cancer Society, 2014, 55.
www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/webcontent/acspc-042151.pdf
.

“Large organizations like”:
“Harmful Substances—Chemicals, Pollution and Cancer,” Cancer Research UK, accessed June 27, 2014.
www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/harmfulsubstances/harmful-substances-chemicals-pollution-and-cancer
.

“so low that they”:
Committee on Comparative Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Carcinogens,
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet: A Comparison of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Substances
. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1996.
www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5150&page=R1
.

cancers related to obesity:
Rudolf Kaaks and Tilman K
ü
hn, “Epidemiology: Obesity and Cancer—The Evidence Is Fattening Up.”
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
10 (September 30, 2014), 644–645.
www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v10/n11/full/nrendo.2014.168.html
; Nathan Berger, “Obesity and Cancer Pathogenesis.”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
April 11, 2014, 57–76.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12416/full
; and Easter Vanni and Elisabetta Bugianesi, “Obesity and Liver Cancer.”
Clinics in Liver Disease
18.1 (February 2014), 191–203.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1089326113000627
.

“DDT is not”:
J. Gordon Edwards, “DDT: A Case Study in Scientific Fraud.”
Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons,
Fall 2004, 86 [online].
www.jpands.org/vol9no3/edwards.pdf
.

“The ultimate judgment”:
J. Gordon Edwards, “DDT: A Case Study in Scientific Fraud,” 86.

“There is no objective reason”:
William Souder,
On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson, Author of Silent Spring
. New York: Broadway Books, 2013.

“tend to be morally suspicious”:
Dan M. Kahan et al., “The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks.”
Nature Climate Change
2 (August 16, 2012): 732–735.
scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1298&context=faculty_publications
.

“general lack of interest”:
Daniel W. Anderson, personal communication, 2004.
reason.com/archives/2004/01/07/ddt-eggshells-and-me
.