The End of Doom (47 page)

viral disease resistance:
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, “Danforth Center Licenses Technology from Dow Agro Science to Improve Important Staple Crop,” Cassava Mosaic Disease, July 15, 2011.
www.danforthcenter.org/news-media/news-releases-10/Danforth-Center-Licenses-Technology-from-Dow-Agro-Science-to-Improve-Important-Staple-Crop
.

fungal disease resistance:
Beat Keller, Wilhelm Gruissem, Michael Winzeler, Franz Bigler, and Fabio Mascher, Switzerland—Resistance against Fungal Diseases in Wheat—University and ETH Zurich, Agroscope Research Stations ART and ACW, Greenbiotech Briefing,
greenbiotech.eu/briefing-paper/public-research-stopped-or-moved-abroad/switzerland-resistance-against-fungal-diseases-in-wheat-university-and-eth-zurich-agroscope-research-stations-art-and-acw/
.

bacterial disease resistance:
Jonathan D. G. Jones et al., “Elevating Crop Disease Resistance with Cloned Genes.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,
April 5, 2014.
rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1639/20130087.full.html
.

algae that can suck carbon dioxide:
D. Ryan Georgianna and Stephen P. Mayfield, “Exploiting Diversity and Synthetic Biology for the Production of Algal Biofuels.”
Nature
488 (August 16, 2012): 329–335.
labs.biology.ucsd.edu/schroeder/bggn227/2014%20Lectures/Mayfield/Algae%20biofuels%20review.pdf
.

enviropigs:
Enviropig, University of Guelph,
www.uoguelph.ca/enviropig/
.

AquAdvantage Salmon:
FDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, “Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for AquAdvantage Salmon,” May 4, 2012.
www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/UCM333105.pdf
.

environmental organizations oppose this technology:
Friends of the Earth News release, “‘Fatally Flawed' FDA Assessment to Unleash Genetically Engineered Salmon,” December 21, 2012.
www.foe.org/news/news-releases/2012-12-fatally-flawed-fda-assessment-to-unleash-genetically-engineered-salmon
.

introduced legislation to ban the biotech salmon:
Paul Voosen, “House Moves to Ban Modified Salmon.”
New York Times,
June 16, 2011.
www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/06/16/16greenwire-house-moves-to-ban-modified-salmon-84165.html
.

hopes to bring its animal-free milk:
Linda Qiu, “Milk Grown in a Lab Is Humane and Sustainable. But Will It Catch On?”
National Geographic,
October 22, 2014.
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141022-lab-grown-milk-biotechnology-gmo-food-climate/
.

dairy cattle emit 17 percent:
Dario Caro et al., “Global and Regional Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock.” Climatic Change 126 (2014): 203–216. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-014-1197-x.

organic agriculture as currently practiced:
H. L. Tuomisto et al., “Does Organic Farming Reduce Environmental Impacts? A Meta-Analysis of European Research.”
Journal of Environmental Management
112 (September 1, 2012): 309–320.
www.fraw.org.uk/files/food/tuomisto_2012.pdf
; Verena Seufert, Navin Ramankutty, and Jonathan A. Foley, “Comparing the Yields of Organic and Conventional Agriculture,”
Nature
485 (May 10, 2012): 229–234.
serenoregis.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/nature11069.pdf
.

judicious incorporation of two important strands:
Pamela Ronald and Raoul Adamchak,
Tomorrow's Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, and the Future of Food
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, xi.

6. Can We Cope with the Heat?

“a true planetary emergency”:
MSNBC, “Gore Takes Warming Warning to Congress,” March 21, 2007.
www.nbcnews.com/id/17718399/ns/us_news-environment/t/gore-takes-warming-warning-congress/#.VEBxrBaKX_Y
.

“an endless chain of disasters”:
Bill McKibben,
Oil and Honey: The Education of an Unlikely Activist
. New York: Times Books, 2013.

“Our economic system”:
Naomi Klein,
This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.

“the key new text”:
Bill McKibben, “An Actual Exit from Climate Hell.”
The Dish,
August 28, 2014.
dish.andrewsullivan.com/author/billmckibbendish/
.

“man-made global warming”:
John Gizzi, John, “Inhofe Was First to Declare Global Warming ‘The Greatest Hoax.'”
Human Events,
August 6, 2012.
humanevents.com/2012/08/06/inhofe-was-first-to-declare-global-warming-the-greatest-hoax/
.

“The scientific reality is”:
Marc Morano, “Submitted Written Testimony of Marc Morano, publisher of Climate Depot and former staff of US Senate Environment and Public Works Committee,” Congressional Field Hearing: “The Origins and Response to Climate Change,” May 30, 2013.
www.climatedepot.com/2013/05/31/submitted-written-testimony-of-climate-depots-marc-morano-at-congressional-hearing-on-climate-change-the-origins-and-response-to-climate-change/
.

“There is no convincing evidence”:
Fred Singer in Larry Bell, “Any Global Warming Since 1978? Two Climate Experts Debate This.”
Forbes,
June 18, 2013.
www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2013/06/18/any-global-warming-since-1978-two-climate-experts-debate-this/
.

chance that 2014 was warmer:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, “Global Summary Information—December 2014,” January 2015,
www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/global/2014/12
.

“Warming of the climate system”:
IPCC,
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,
2013,
www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
; Summary for Policymakers,
www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf
; Technical Summary,
www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_TS_FINAL.pdf
.

restated and bolstered:
IPCC,
Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report,
November 2014,
www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_LONGERREPORT.pdf
.

vast majority of climate researchers:
Stacy Rosenberg et al.,
Climate Change: A Profile of U.S. Climate Scientists' Perspectives
. Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy, Texas A&M University, 2009.
bush.tamu.edu/istpp/news/story/8/ClimateScientistsPerspectivesClimaticChange.pdf
; and John Cook et al., “Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature.”
Environmental Research Letters
8.2 (May 15, 2013).
iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024024
.

most mountain glaciers:
I. Velicogna, T. C. Sutterley, and M. R. van den Broeke, “Regional Acceleration in Ice Mass Loss from Greenland and Antarctica Using GRACE Time-Variable Gravity Data.”
Geophysical Research Letters
41.22 (November 28, 2014): 8130–8137.

sea level could at worst:
S. Jevrejeva, A. Grinsted, and J. C. Moore, “Upper Limit for Sea Level Projections by 2100.”
Environmental Research Letters
9.10 (October 10, 2014).
iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/10/104008/
.

global average sea level:
Kurt Lambeck et al., “Sea Level and Global Ice Volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
111.43 (October 13, 2014).
www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/10/08/1411762111.abstract
.

40% to 70% reduction in GHG:
IPCC,
Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report,
November 2014,
www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_LONGERREPORT.pdf
.

“The science is settled”:
Andrea Seabrooke, “Gore Takes Global Warming Message to Congress.” NPR, March 21, 2007.
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9047642
.

“human activity is responsible”:
Robin Bravender, “EPA Chief Goes Toe-to-Toe with Senate GOP over Climate Science.”
New York Times,
February 23, 2010.
www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/02/23/23greenwire-epa-chief-goes-toe-to-toe-with-senate-gop-over-72892.html
.

global temperature has been essentially flat:
Ross McKitrick, “HAC-Robust Measurement of the Duration of a Trendless Subsample in a Global Climate Time Series.”
Open Journal of Statistics
4 (August 2014): 527–535.
www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=49307
.

“The observed rate of warming”:
John C. Fyfe, Nathan P. Gillett, and Francis W. Ziers, “Overestimated Gobal Warming over the Past 20 Years.”
Nature Climate Change
3 (August 28, 2013): 767–769.
www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n9/full/nclimate1972.html?WT.ec_id=NCLIMATE-201309
.

“that is where models show”:
John Christy, personal communication, 2013.

The private research group:
Remote Sensing Systems,
Climate Analysis,
accessed February 11, 2015,
www.remss.com/research/climate
.

decreases in stratospheric water vapor:
Susan Solomon et al., “Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming.”
Science
327.5970 (January 28, 2010): 1219–1223.
www.sciencemag.org/content/327/5970/1219
.

the missing heat is supposedly hiding:
Gerald A. Meehl. et al., “Model-Based Evidence of Deep-Ocean Heat Uptake During Surface-Temperature Hiatus Periods.”
Nature Climate Change
1 (September 18, 2011): 360–364.
echorock.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/trenbert/trenberth.papers/Meehl_Natureclimatechange2011-1.pdf
.

a prolonged solar minimum:
James Hansen et al., “Earth's Energy Imbalance and Implications.”
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
11 (2011): 13421–13449.
www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/13421/2011/acp-11-13421-2011.html
.

Pacific Ocean trade winds:
Matthew H. England et al., “Recent Intensification of Wind-Driven Circulation in the Pacific and the Ongoing Warming Hiatus.”
Nature Climate Change
4 (February 9, 2014): 222–227.
www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n3/abs/nclimate2106.html
.

changes in North Atlantic Ocean circulation:
Xianyao Chen and Ka-Kit Tung, “Varying Planetary Heat Sink Led to Global-Warming Slowdown and Acceleration.”
Science
345.6199 (August 22, 2014): 897–903.
www.sisal.unam.mx/labeco/LAB_ECOLOGIA/OF_files/heat%20sink%20led%20to%20global-warming%20slowdown.pdf
.

natural variations in Pacific trade winds:
Masahiro Watanabe et al., “Contribution of Natural Decadal Variability to Global Warming Acceleration and Hiatus.”
Nature Climate Change
4 (August 31, 2014): 893–897.
www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n10/abs/nclimate2355.html
.

little chance of a hiatus decade:
Nicola Maher, Alexander Sen Gupta, and Matthew England, “Drivers of Decadal Hiatus Periods in the 20th and 21st Centuries.”
Geophysical Research Letters
41.16 (August 28, 2014): 5978–5986.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/2014GL060527/#Survey
.

volcanic particles on global atmospheric temperatures:
D. A. Ridley et al., “Total Volcanic Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depths and Implications for Global Climate Change.”
Geophysical Research Letters
41.22 (October 31, 2014): 7763–7769.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL061541/abstract;jsessionid=E1B1AB1E8B14434278D7CFC307E735A4.f01t01
.

sulfuric acid particles from small volcanic eruptions:
Benjamin D. Santer et al., “Observed Multi-Variable Signals of Late 20th and Early 21st Century Volcanic Activity.”
Geophysical Research Letters,
January 2014; DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062366.

“We do not find that aerosols”:
A. Gettleman, D. T. Shindell, and J. F. Lamarque, “Impact of Aerosol Radiative Effects on 2000–2010 Surface Temperatures.”
Climate Dynamics,
January 2015;
www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/andrew/papers/gettelman2015aerorecent.pdf
.

man-made aerosols might be responsible:
Gavin Schmidt, Drew Shindell, and Kostas Tsigaridas, “Reconciling Warming Trends.”
Nature Geoscience
7 (March 2014): 158–160.
www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/schaffer/182h/Climate/Reconciling%20Warming%20Trends.pdf
.

ocean abyss below 2,000 meters:
William Llovel et al., “Deep-Ocean Contribution to Sea Level and Energy Budget Not Detectable over the Past Decade.”
Nature Climate Change
4 (October 5, 2014): 1031–1035.
www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2387.html
.

“The cold waters of Earth's deep ocean”:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, “NASA Study Finds Earth's Ocean Abyss Has Not Warmed.” California Institute of Technology, October 6, 2014,
www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4321
.

upper layers of the southern oceans:
Paul J. Duracket et al., “Quantifying Underestimates of Long-Term Upper-Ocean Warming.”
Nature Climate Change
4 (October 5, 2014): 999–1005.
www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2389.html
.