The Fight to Save Juárez (52 page)

Notes

1
. At the top of Mexico's Most Wanted list was Joaquín El Chapo Guzmán Loera. Following the 2011 execution of Osama Bin Laden, INTERPOL listed El Chapo as the most wanted man in the world.

2
. People who had been lifted and disappeared were not in the tally, for example, and every month or so a mass grave was discovered in some part of the country containing victims who had been dead from weeks to years. Given the absence of adequate investigations, it was often a matter of conjecture whether any given murder was a cartel- or gang-related execution.

Interviews

Juárez Interviews

Anonymous (“Elena,” mistress to mid-level Juárez cartel operative)

Anonymous (former Juárez cartel operative during Amado Carrillo Fuentes era)

Anonymous (former Juárez municipal police captain)

Jorge Luis Aguirre, Editor of
La Polaka
, Juárez/El Paso

María Teresa Almada, Centro de Asesoría y Promoción Juvenil

Laurencio Barraza, Organización Popular Independiente

Nohemí Barraza,
El Diario

Sergio Belmonte Almeida, Director of Communications, City of Juárez

Alejandro Bringas, Juárez photojournalist

Mariana Chew, social justice and environmental activist, Juárez/El Paso

Julián Contreras, Juárez community activist

Beatriz Corral,
El Norte

Luz María Dávila, mother of two Villas de Salvárcar victims

Rosario Gabriela Díaz Mena, Principal, Escuela Primaria Federal Justo Sierra Mendez, Juárez

Alonso Encina, father of Villas de Salvárcar victim

Isidro López, Juárez evangelist, Punto de Encuentro de Asociaciones Civiles

Verónica Lozano, Director of Community Centers

Father Martín Magallanes, Catholic priest, prison activist

Father Mario Manríquez, Catholic priest, neighborhood activist

Isidro Morales Villanueva, President, Parents' Association, Escuela Primaria Federal Justo Sierra Méndez, Juárez

Father Kevin Mullins, Catholic priest, Anapra, Chihuahua

Juan Muro, independent Juárez videojournalist

Alfredo Quijano Hernández, Editor,
El Norte

José Reyes Ferriz, Mayor of Juárez, 2007–2010

Edgar Román, Canal 44 (television), Juárez

Gustavo de la Rosa, State of Chihuahua Human Rights Commission, Juárez Representative

Raymundo Ruiz, Juárez photojournalist

Mario Héctor Silva,
El Universal
correspondent in Juárez

Jaime Torres, Office of Communications, City of Juárez

Interviews
with Mexican Academics and Government Officials

Anonymous (officer, Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional [CISEN])

Sigrid Arzt, Commissioner of the Mexican Federal Institution of Public Access to Information (IFAI), former Security Advisor to President Felipe Calderón

Luis Astorga, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Manuel Balcazar Villareal, Coordinator of Special Projects, Presidencia

Enrique Betancourt Gaona, Secretaría de Desarrollo Social

Juan Buenrostro, Communications, Secretaría de Seguridad Pública

María Josefina Linda Carreón Chairez, Presidencia

Fernando Castillo, Director of Communications, Procuraduría General de la República

Jorge Chabat, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas

Carlos Cristóbal Flores, Inspector, Federal Police, Juárez

Genaro García Luna, Director, Secretaría de Seguridad Pública

Agustín Marciel, Mexican Consulate, El Paso, Texas

Eduardo Medina-Mora, Mexican Ambassador to the United Kingdom, former Federal Attorney General

Adriana Obregón Andría Vásquez, Advisor on Social Policy, Presidencia

Lic. Lizeth Parra, Director of Communications, Secretaría de Seguridad Pública

Alejandro Poiré, National Security Spokesman (Mexico), Secretary of National Security Council (Mexico)

Facundo Rosas, Director of the Federal Police, Secretaría de Seguridad Pública

Juan Ramón Salinas, Communications, Secretaría de Seguridad Pública

Guillermo Valdés, Director, Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN)

United States Interviews

Fred Burton, Stratfor Global Intelligence

Howard Campbell, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at El Paso

Michael Lauderdale, Ph.D., Department of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin

Tony Payan, Ph.D., Department of Political Science, University of Texas at El Paso

Interviews with U.S. Government and Law Enforcement Officials

Diana Apodaca, Special Agent, Public Information Officer, Drug Enforcement Administration, El Paso Field Division

Joseph Arabit, Special Agent in Charge, El Paso Division, Drug Enforcement Agency

Robert Lindemann, Homeland Security Agency

Sergeant Joel “Purple” Peña, El Paso Police Department

Greg Thrash, Resident Agent in Charge, Drug Enforcement Administration, Austin, Texas

Index

Acosta Hernández, José Antonio,
194–195

“After Ten Home Is Best,”
165–166

Agencia Estatal de Investigaciones,
30
,
75

Agencia Federal de Investigación (AFI),
33
,
77

Aguascalientes,
204
,
207

Aguilar, José,
190

Aguilar, Rafael,
39
,
89
,
90–92

Alarcón Olvera, Salomón,
246
,
250

Alfaro Siqueiros, David,
181

Altavista,
156–157

Amnesty International,
172
,
175

AMOR (Municipal Accord of Order and Respect),
10

Aragón, Hortensia,
208–209

Aristegui, Carmen,
126

Armando Acosta Guerrero, Jesús,
265

Armando Segovia, Jesús,
189
,
192

Armendáriz, José Luis,
177

Arrellano, Ortiz,
230
,
240

Arroyo, José Dolores,
193
,
197

Artistas Asesinos: connection to neighborhood gangs,
27
; execution in prison,
266
; war with Los Aztecas,
193–195
,
197
,
199

Asiaín, Guillermo,
227

Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez.
See
Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez

Aztecas, Los: assassinate rival prisoners,
11
,
266
; connection to Barrio Azteca,
237
; connection to neighborhood gangs,
27
; role in Juárez drug market,
54–55
,
150
; Rosales Rosales mistaken for member,
169
; war with Artistas Asesinos,
193–195
,
197
,
199

Badiraguato,
173

Baja California,
12

Barquito de Papel,
234
,
237

Barraza, Laurencio,
156–158
,
164
,
167

Barrio Azteca,
237–238

Barrios Terrazas, Francisco,
40

Belmonte, Sergio,
1
,
126

Beltrán-Leyva, Alfredo,
268

Beltrán-Leyva, Arturo,
268

Beltrán-Leyva organization,
268

Blanco, René,
192

Booth, William,
229

Boys and Girls First!,
156
,
163

Bridge of the Americas,
16

Cadena, Rodrigo,
192

Calderón, Felipe: collaboration with U.S.,
234
; criticism of drug war strategy,
199
,
208–209
,
233–234
; criticism from the left,
92
,
173
,
177
,
201
,
204
; decision to use Army,
35
,
79
,
171
; deployment of troops,
6
,
241
; election of,
3
; focus on federal police,
33–35
; managerial style,
215
; on “new strategy” for Juárez,
204–207
,
209
; protests against,
225
; public opinion of,
127
,
214
; reaction to U.S. Consulate murders,
239–240
; response to Casino Royale massacre,
271
; response to execution of Torre Cantú,
255
; response to Villas de Salvárcar,
196–198
; on Todos Somos Juárez,
227
; visits Juárez,
216–222
; visits with Villas de Salvárcar families,
216–218
; on “war” against cartels,
4

Camarena, Enrique “Kiki,”
233

Camargo,
38

Camino Real Hotel,
127
,
157
,
214
,
225
,
227

Campestre,
141–142
,
199

Carrera, Laura,
225

Carrillo Fuentes, Amado,
45
,
151
,
256

Carrillo Fuentes, Rodolfo,
13

Carrillo Fuentes, Vicente,
13

Carrillo Moreno, Laura,
176

Casa Aliviane,
149–151

Casa
Amiga Crisis Center,
216–218

Casino Royale,
270

Castillo Tapia, Fernando,
4

CBTIS-
128
High School,
183
,
192
,
211

Central de Abastos,
200

Centro de Derechos Humanos Paso del Norte,
225

Centro de Información y Solidaridad Obrera,
225

Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN),
32–33
,
247
,
267

Centro de Rehabilitación Social (CERESO),
11
,
54

Cereso, Adela,
252

CERI.
See
Emergency Response Center

Cerro del Águila,
169

Cháirez, Julián,
29
,
41

Cháirez, Leonel,
30
,
41

Chamizal High School, El,
39

Chávez Cano, Esther,
216

Chávez Castillo, Jesús Ernesto,
151

Chavira, Carlos,
211

Chiapas,
174

Chihuahua,
5
,
35
,
201
,
236

Chihuahua City: ambush of Reyes Baeza,
124
; assault on Ciudad Madera,
90
; election day executions,
255
; home of Reyes Ferriz,
38
; meetings in,
19
,
23
; shootout in,
24

Chihuahua Human Rights Commission,
168
,
170
,
176

Cibeles,
48
,
212
,
219

Cima, La,
53
,
55

CIPOL,
25
,
144–145

CISEN.
See
Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional

Citizen's Watch,
200

Clinton, Hillary,
239

CNN,
126
,
128
,
237

Coahuila,
5
,
236

cocaine: Colombian trafficking of,
62–64
; confiscation by army,
80
; confiscation by federal government,
244
; confiscations by Juárez police,
57
; domestic consumption,
48
,
53–54
,
208
; price,
85
; trafficking by Juárez cartel,
85
; use by Juárez cartel,
151

Colombian drug trade,
62–64

Conroy, Bill,
69

Constitution of Mexico,
164

Contreras, Julián,
188
,
202

Coparmex Juárez,
18
,
20

Corchado, Alfredo,
69

Córdova, José Ángel,
213

Coronel, Ignacio “Nacho,”
268

Corral Jurado, Javier,
208

corruption.
See
federal police, Juárez municipal police, Mexico, state ministerial police

Creel,
151

crime: crime spree,
110–111
; link to drug trafficking,
47
; increase in,
56
,
105
,
269–270
; at schools,
119

Crime Stoppers,
189
,
230

Crispín, Margarita,
30

Cuesta, La,
69

Dávila, Luz María,
185–186
,
189–191
,
198
,
205
,
217
,
219–221

DEA (U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency),
30
,
76
,
102
,
233
,
238
,
247
,
254

de la Rosa, Gustavo: death threats to,
175–177
; description of,
88
; detainment by U.S.,
178–179
; on expansion of federal police,
241
; on human rights work group,
225
,
228
; opinion of Reyes Ferriz,
88
; work as human rights advocate,
168
,
171
,
173–175

de la Rosa Carrillo, Alejo,
176

Delta Group,
103–104

Desid, Victor Manual,
246

DFS.
See
Federal Directorate for Security

Diario
,
El
: on Los Aztecas,
54
; circulation,
259
; on collaboration with U.S. law enforcement,
233
; confronts army,
78
; criticisms of SPS,
50
; demands government intervention,
25
; on early army successes,
80
; employment of Rodríguez,
116
; on “failed state” debate,
201
; on El Chapo Guzmán,
30
; on murders of U.S. Consulate staff,
237
; public opinion of army,
81
; public opinion of government responsibility,
202
; quotes de la Rosa,
177
; on Saulo Reyes,
19
,
254
; on Reyes Ferriz's opinion of Reyes Baeza,
261
; on Javier Rosales case,
168–170
; on tally of dead,
15
; on Villas de Salvárcar,
187
,
193
,
206