The Fight to Save Juárez (53 page)

Diego, El.
See
Acosta Hernández, José Antonio

Dirección Federal de Seguridad.
See
Federal Directorate for Security

Dirty War,
90–92
,
202–204

domestic
violence,
165

Donaldo Colosio, Luis,
3

Double A's.
See
Artistas Asesinos

Dowell, Guillermo,
126

Duarte, César,
252
,
256
,
258

Durango,
5
,
35
,
80
,
236

Echeverría, Luis,
90

Elena: early history,
60
; financial strain,
158–159
; relationship with Hernán,
58
,
65–66
; work in brothel,
159–162

El Paso: de la Rosa detained in,
178
; home of Lesley Enríquez,
235
; hub for trafficking,
85
; move of Reyes Ferriz family to,
2
,
146
; porous border,
39
; Saulo Reyes affair,
16
,
20
; rumors of being Reyes Ferriz's home,
145–148
; source of cheaper goods,
223–224

El Paso del Norte,
10

Emergency Response Center (CERI),
229
,
233
,
239
,
243
,
265

Encina, Alonso,
180–186
,
189
,
198
,
205

Encina, Ángel Alonso,
182–183
,
185–186

Encina, José Adrián,
182–183
,
185
,
189–190
,
198

Encino, Oscar Alan,
182–183
,
185

Enríquez, Jesús,
180

Enríquez, Lesley,
235–237
,
256

Escamilla, Brenda,
192
,
193
,
198
,
218

Escobar Prieto, Avelardo,
213
,
217

Espinosa, Patricia,
71

Espitia, General Felipe de Jesús,
175
,
247

Estado Mayor,
219–221
,
225

Excélsior,
259

extortion,
5–6
,
138
,
162–163
,
197
,
223
,
246
,
269

Familia Michoacana, La,
12
,
32
,
244–245
,
267–268

FARC guerillas,
215

FBI (U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation),
76
,
102
,
233
,
236
,
238
,
247

Federal Directorate for Security (DFS),
89–92

federal police: attacks increase against,
265
; in Camarena affair,
233
; corruption of,
33
,
246–248
; description of,
245
; distrust of municipal police,
105
; expansion of,
34
,
241–242
,
268
; first promised to Juárez,
49
; lack of forces,
50
; mortality rate,
5
; public opinion of,
137–138
; restrictions on,
34
; tension with Hector Murguía,
265
.
See also
Patiño, Patricio

federal preventive police,
14
,
243
.
See also
federal police

Federation.
See
Pax Mafiosa

Félix Guerra, Heriberto,
213

femicides,
15
,
83
,
116
,
128
,
168
,
190
,
207

Fernández, Sergio,
168–171

Financiero, El
,
201

FNCR.
See
National Front Against Repression

Fox, Vicente,
3
,
33
,
240

Fraccionamiento Villa de Alcalá,
128

Fuentes, Amado Carrillo,
166
,
175

Fuentes, Carlos,
135–136

Fuentes, Vicente Carrillo,
99

Galindo, Mara,
190

Galdino Menera Molina, José,
245

Galván Galván, Guillermo,
96
,
127

gang task force,
26
,
29

García, Raquel,
170

García Luna, Genaro: connection to Patiño,
23
,
47
; description of,
248
; in
El Diario
,
50
; effort to clean up federal police,
33
; in Juárez,
127
,
213
; meetings with,
124
; position in the government,
12
; at press conference,
95
; Reyes Ferriz's opinion of,
246–248
; rumors of connection to El Chapo Guzmán,
243–244
,
247
,
249–250
; on U.S. weapons,
136
; views on law enforcement,
248–249

García Urquiza, Angel Orlando,
120

Geraldo
,
128

Giner Durán, General Práxedes,
38

golden triangle,
5

Gómez Mont, Fernando: meetings in Juárez,
127
; meets with Reyes Ferriz,
125
; perspective on Juárez,
222
; response to Villas de Salvárcar,
205–211
,
213
,
216
,
221

Gómez Palacio,
102

González, Patricia: meets with Patiño,
23
,
79
; response to Casa Aliviane,
153
; response to de la Rosa's security concerns,
176
; response to Villas de Salvárcar,
188
,
197
; Reyes Ferriz's opinion of,
260–261
; at security meetings,
247

Güereque, Eduardo,
200

Guerrero,
5
,
80
,
174

Guevara, Che,
90

Gulf cartel: connection to Zetas,
202
,
269
; pre/post-Calderón status,
267–268
; total
arrests
of,
244
; Valdés discusses,
32
; war with Sinaloa cartel,
13
,
47

Guzmán, Edgar,
13

Guzmán Loera, Arturo,
251n5

Guzmán Loera, Joaquín El Chapo: attacks police,
30
; conflict with Juárez cartel,
13
; reporters ask about,
23
; role within Sinaloa cartel,
268
; rumored connection to García Luna,
243–244
,
247

Heraldo de Chihuahua, El
,
77

Hernán: assassination of,
152
; character of,
65
; drug trafficking,
85
; relationship with Elena,
65–66
; status in cartel,
60
; use of cocaine,
151–152

Hernández Sánchez, Juan,
129

heroin: and crime,
56
; domestic use,
53–54
; La Línea's role in transporting,
82
; supply routes to U.S.,
63
; trafficking by Juárez cartel,
85

Hotel Santa Fe,
266

Human Rights Commission,
78
,
88
,
170
,
176
,
241

human rights violations.
See
under federal police; Juárez municipal police; Mexican army; Mexico; Operación Conjunto Chihuahua; state ministerial police

Human Rights Watch,
172–173
,
175

human trafficking,
5

ICE.
See
Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Iglesia Jesucristo, Sol de Justicia,
192

Immigration and Customs Enforcement,
17
,
30
,
69
,
238

Independencia,
181

Inter-American Development Bank,
167
,
211
, in Medellín,
215

Inter-American Human Rights Commission (IAHRC),
176

Jaguares, Los,
183
,
192
,
198
,
217

Jáuregui, César,
253–254
,
258

journalists: danger to,
6
,
115
; precarious position of,
114–115
; threats to,
116
.
See also
Rodríguez, Armando

Juárez (Cuidad Juárez): abandoned by residents,
200–201
; anger in,
222
; atmosphere of fear,
22
; Chinese residents in,
160
; code of silence,
59
; conspiracy theories in,
130
; cynicism of people,
131
; drug-related crime,
55
; economic history,
17–18
; executions in,
6
,
127
,
239
; gang culture,
26
,
28
,
150
,
158
; judicial corruption,
172
; narco-culture,
61
; “new strategy,”
196
,
204
; number of schools in,
157
; physical description of,
17
; problems faced,
119
; resilience of,
6
,
59
,
272
; unemployment in,
155
,
165
,
180
; U.S. issues travel warning,
236

Juárez, Benito,
9

Juárez cartel: arrest of Armando Acosta Guerrero,
265
; attack on Villas del Salvárcar,
183–186
,
193–195
,
197
; houses of death,
68
,
82
; importance,
85
; organizational structure,
54
; pre/post-Calderón status,
267–268
; relationship with law enforcement,
83–84
,
104
,
140
; rumors of connection to Murguía,
253–254
; targets Reyes Ferriz,
81
; total arrests of,
244
; use of cocaine,
151–152
; use of
narcocorridos
,
107
; in Valley of Juárez,
175–176
; war with Sinaloa cartel,
12
,
57
,
194–195
,
269
.
See also
La Línea

Juárez Citizen's Assembly,
203

Juárez Loera, General Jorge,
71–72
,
75
; assassination of,
126n1
; suggests police chief,
101
,
121

Juárez Maquiladora Association,
200

Juárez municipal police: assassinations of,
67
,
95
,
103
,
113
,
122–123
; code of silence,
109
; Confidence Tests,
74
,
94–95
,
105–110
,
148
; connection to La Línea,
82–84
; corruption of,
1
,
16
,
19–20
,
31
,
37
,
42–43
,
56–57
,
70
,
75
,
121
,
231
; creation of “New Police,”
139–140
; disbanded,
132
; inefficiency of,
241
; mass resignations,
7
; mission of,
26
; response to Enríquez murder,
235
; restrictions on,
34
; size of force,
83
; tensions with Orduña,
103–105
; tier in law enforcement,
33

Juárez Police Academy,
25–26

kidnapping,
5
,
6
,
105
,
143

Lara, José Luis,
229

Leahy, Patrick,
172

Ledesma, Francisco,
26
,
29
,
41
,
68
,
109

levantado
,
31
,
82
,
84
,
90

Leyzaola, Julián,
266

lifted. See
levantado

Liga Comunista
23
de Septiembre, La,
90–92

Línea
, La: arrest of Armando Acosta Guerrero,
265
; beheads officer,
103
; functions of,
43
,
82–83
; officers' awareness of,
109
; rumors link Murguía to,
254
; Sinaloa cartel target,
24
,
31
,
42
; in Valley of Juárez,
176

López Dóriga, Joaquín,
126
,
200

Los Angeles Times
,
128
,
136
,
259

Los Mexicles,
27
,
199

Lozano, Fernando,
75–76

Lujambio, Alonso,
213

Madera
,
90

Maerker, Denise,
126

Making of the President, The
,
40

Malilla, El
,
253

Manríquez, Father Mario,
163–167

Mansfield Amendment,
63

maquiladoras
: closures,
180
,
223
; criticized for impact on families,
165
; draw Juárez's youth,
157
; economic impact,
11
,
82
; employ women,
86–87
; promotion of,
196
; shape growth of Juárez,
17

marijuana: army's seizure of,
77–78
,
81
,
96
; rates of use in Chihuahua,
208
; Saulo Reyes affair,
16
; seizures in media,
215
; trafficking by Colombian cartels,
62
; trafficking by Juárez cartel,
30
,
55
,
68
,
85
; U.S. market,
63