The Holocaust (124 page)

18
Lord Marley,
op. cit.
, pages 309–10.

19
Ibid.
, pages 189–90.

20
Law of 25 April 1933: text in full in Dawidowicz,
op. cit.
, pages 42–3.

21
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
, 22 April 1933.

22
Henry R. Huttenbach,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Worms, 1933–1945
, New York 1981, page 138.

23
The Times
, 4 May 1933.

24
Lokal Anzeiger
, 7 May 1933.

25
Judische Rundschau
, 19 May 1933.

26
Lord Marley,
op. cit.
, page 347.

27
List, compiled from eye-witness and German newspaper reports, published in the
Manchester Guardian
on 27 September 1935.

28
Nathan Feinberg, ‘Political Activities Against the Nazis’, in
Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust: Proceedings of the Conference on Manifestations of Jewish Resistance, Jerusalem 7–11 April 1968
, Jerusalem 1971, page 78.

29
Völkischer Beobachter
, 26 June 1933.

30
Letter of 2 June 1933: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, archive.

31
Neier Morgen
, 14 July 1933.

32
Nachman Blumenthal, ‘Sources for the Study of Jewish Resistance’, in
Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust, op. cit.
, page 57.

33
Heil! A Picture Book Compiled from Authentic Material
, London 1934, page 112.

34
Frankfurter Zeitung
, 2 August 1933.

35
Ostjüdische Zeitung
, 20 August 1933.

36
Code of discipline, Dachau, 1 October 1933: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-778.

37
List of prisoners ‘known to have been killed in Dachau’:
Manchester Guardian
, 27 September 1935.

38
List enclosed by A. L. Easterman in a note to the Foreign Office, London, 12 April 1946: Foreign Office papers, 371/57545.

39
In 1932 only 353 German Jews had emigrated to Palestine; in 1931, only 122. The largest group of immigrants to Palestine in 1933 were Polish Jews, more than thirteen thousand of whom received Palestine certificates in that single year.

3. TOWARDS DISINHERITANCE

1
Report in the
Daily Express
, 25 May 1934.

2
Report in the
Manchester Guardian
, 3 April 1934.

3
Heil! A Picture Book Compiled from Authentic Material, op. cit.

4
Frankische Tageszeitung
, 26 May 1934.

5
Huttenbach,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Worms, 1933–1945, op. cit.
, page 16.

6
The Yellow Spot. The Outlawing of Half a Million Human Beings: a Collection of Facts and Documents
, London 1936, page 85.

7
Ibid.
, page 91.

8
Michel Abitbol,
Les Juifs d’Afrique du Nord sous Vichy
, Paris 1983, page 18.

9
Memorandum on the Development of the Jewish National Home, 1934
, Geneva, June 1935, page 6. The number of Polish Jews admitted to Palestine in 1934 was 18,028. The third largest immigration, 2,031, was from Rumania, and the fourth largest, 1,964, was Jews from an Arab and Muslim land, the Yemen.

10
Arieh Tartakower and Kurt R. Grossman,
The Jewish Refugee
, New York 1944, page 29. On 29 September 1944, shortly before the publication of this book, Tartakower’s son Jochanan, himself a refugee from Lodz in Poland, was killed in action in France while serving in the United States army.

11
Bella Fromm,
Blood and Banquets: a Berlin Social Diary
, London 1943, page 167. The diplomatic correspondent of the
Vossische Zeitung
, Bella Fromm reached the United States as a refugee in 1940.

12
List of prisoners ‘known to have been killed in Dachau’:
Manchester Guardian
, 27 September 1935.

13
These figures were given in the SS
newspaper,
Das Schwarze Korps
, on 1 July 1935.

14
See Naomi Shepherd,
Wilfrid Israel, German Jewry’s Secret Ambassador
, London 1984, page 104.

15
Article ‘Finish up with the Jews’ in the book
The SA Man
, published on 27 July 1935: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-3050.

16
Hakenkreuzbanner
, Mannheim, 1, 26 and 28 August 1935.

17
Leslie Frankel, in conversation with the author, Johannesburg.

18
Lowenthal,
The Jews of Germany: a History of Sixteen Centuries, op. cit.
, page 407, note 1.

19
Das Schwarze Korps
, 5 September 1935.

20
Law respecting Reich Citizenship of 15 September 1935,
Reich Law Gazette
, 1935, part I, page 1146.

21
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour of 15 September 1934,
Reich Law Gazette
, 1935, part I, page 1147. The German national flag was now the swastika.

22
Report by Ralph W. Barnes, Nuremberg, 15 September 1935:
New York Herald Tribune
, 16 September 1935.

23
The Times
, 17 September 1935.

24
Neue Züricher Zeitung
, 22 September 1935.

25
Report of 6 October 1935: Foreign Office papers, 371/18859.

26
Letter of 12 November 1935, to the Chief Secretary, Government of Palestine: Foreign Office papers, 371/19919.

4. AFTER THE NUREMBERG LAWS

1
Kölnische Zeitung
, 13 October 1935.

2
Quoted in
The Yellow Spot
, page 117.

3
New York Times
, 20 October 1935.

4
Bella Fromm, diary entry for 20 October 1935: Fromm,
Blood and Banquets: a Berlin Social Diary, op. cit.
, page 181.

5
Quoted in the
Manchester Guardian
, 28 March 1978, when Dr Hans Puvogel, then Minister of Justice in the State of Lower Saxony, was under pressure to resign, after the publication of excerpts from his thesis, which also argued in favour of castrating dangerous sex offenders as part of the plan to ‘strengthen the valuable hereditary streams of our people while gradually drying out the inferior ones’.

6
Frankfurter was released in 1945, at the end of the war, and emigrated to Palestine. In February 1950 he wrote an account of the assassination of Gustloff in
Commentary
magazine. In 1976 a Swiss film was made of the killing, entitled
Konfrontation—assassination in Davos
. Frankfurter died in Israel in 1982, aged 71.

7
Shalom Lindenbaum, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.

8
David Shtokfish (editor),
Pshitik. A Memorial to the Jewish Community of Pshitik
(Przytyk), Tel Aviv 1973, page 157.

9
Yakov Lashtoshinsky, ‘The Przytyk Pogrom’ (Yiddish) in
Sefer Przytyk
, Tel Aviv 1973, pages 168–87.

10
Memorandum on the Development of the Jewish National Home, 1936
, Geneva, June 1937, page 6.

11
Figures from the
Palestine Post
, individual issues from 15 April 1936 to 15 May 1936: see also Martin Gilbert,
The Arab—Israeli Conflict, Its History in Maps
, London 1974, map 20.

12
Telegram of 9 June 1936, Central Zionist Archive, S 73/193: in Shepherd,
Wilfrid Israel, German Jewry’s Secret Ambassador, op. cit.
, page 122.

13
Arnold Hahn,
Vor den Augen der Welt! Warum starb Stefan Lux? Sein Leben—seine Tat—seine Briefe
, Prague 1936.

14
Celia S. Heller,
On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two Wars
, New York 1977, page 104.

15
World Federation of Polish Jews, ‘The Migration of Polish Jewry in Recent Times’,
Yearbook
, New York 1964, pages 7–27.

16
Ben Helfgott, in conversation with the author, London.

17
Lowenthal,
The Jews of Germany, op. cit.
, page 424.

18
House of Commons, debate of 14 April 1937:
Hansard
.

19
William L. Shirer, diary entry for 4 June 1937: William L. Shirer,
Berlin Diary: the Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941
, London 1941, page 66.

20
‘Law relating to measures to be taken in the former Upper Silesian Plebiscite area’, 20 June 1937, published in the
Reichsgesetzblatt
, no. 76 of 2 July 1937.

21
Memorandum on the Development of the Jewish National Home, 1937
, Geneva, June 1938, page 4.

22
The number of German Jews admitted to Palestine had dropped from 8,180 in 1936 to 3,601 in 1937, the number of Polish Jews from 11,596 in 1936 to 3,636 in 1937.

23
Figures of Jewish and Arab dead are taken from the daily issues of the
Palestine Post
.

24
Central Zionist Archive, 87/558: in Shepherd,
op. cit.
, page 116.

25
Poster for ‘The Eternal Jew’ exhibition: facsimile in
The Judaica Collector
, October 1983.

26
Isaac Landman (editor),
The Universal Jewish Encyclopaedia
, New York 1943, volume 9, page 261.

27
Nathaniel Katzburg,
Hungary and the Jews: Policy and Legislation, 1920–1943
, Ramat Gan, Israel 1981, page 104.

5. ‘HUNTED LIKE RATS’

1
According to statistics presented in a letter from A. L. Eastermann to the Foreign Office in London on 12 April 1946, between 200 and 225 Jews had been murdered in Germany between 30 January 1933 and 25 April 1938. Statistics compiled in 1938 by the Reich Representative of German Jews: Foreign Office papers, 371/57545.

2
Germany Reports
, Paris 1938: quoted in G. E. R. Gedye,
Fallen Bastions: the Central European Tragedy
, London 1939, pages 341–2.

3
Oswald Dutch,
Thus Died Austria
, London 1938, page 246.

4
Idem.

5
Gedye,
op. cit.
, pages 306–7.

6
Dutch,
op. cit.
, page 250.

7
Testimony of Fleischmann: Eichmann Trial, 24 April 1961, session 17.

8
Lowenthal,
The Jews of Germany, op. cit.
, epilogue, page 430.

9
Gedye,
op. cit.
, page 310.

10
David Hindley Smith to Winston S. Churchill, 18 March 1938, Churchill papers, 2/318, published in Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, document volume 5, part 3, ‘The Coming of War’, London 1982, page 949.

11
Lowenthal,
op. cit.
, page 430.

12
Dutch,
op. cit.
, pages 246–7.

13
Ibid.
, pages 247–8.

14
The Austrian census of 22 March 1934 listed 769 localities with Jewish inhabitants.

15
R. T. Smallbones, Despatch no. 48 of 5 May 1938: Foreign Office papers, 371/11635.

16
Germany Reports
, Paris 1938: in Gedye,
op. cit.
, page 342.

17
Beda died in Auschwitz in 1942, at the age of fifty-nine.

18
Getzel Kressel, ‘Beda, Fritz
Loehner, 1883–1942’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 4, column 368.

19
Report of 28 June 1938, smuggled out of Berlin to Lord Samuel in London, Samuel papers, House of Lords Library: quoted in Shepherd,
Wilfrid Israel, op. cit.
, pages 126–7.

20
Bella Fromm diary, 28 June 1938: Fromm,
Blood and Banquets, op. cit.
, pages 235–6.

21
Report for June 1938, dated 16 July 1938: Foreign Office papers, 371/21635.

22
J. Hope Simpson,
The Refugee Problem, Report of a Survey
, London 1939, pages 323 (France), 340 (Britain), 350–1 and 353 (Belgium), 356 (Scandinavia), 397 (Switzerland), 473 note 1 (USA) and Appendix VI, tables LXV and LXVI.

23
Huttenbach,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community at Worms, 1933–1945, op. cit.
, pages 142–3.

24
Sirkka Purkey, ‘The Treatment of Jewish Refugees in Finland during the Hitler Era’, letter to the author, 13 March 1984 (based upon Elina Suominen,
Death Boat SS Hohenhorn
, Helsinki).

6. ‘THE SEEDS OF A TERRIBLE VENGEANCE’

1
Letter of 25 October 1938, from Sir George Ogilvie-Forbes to Oliver Harvey, and comment: Foreign Office papers, 371/22536.

2
Testimony of Zindel Grynszpan: Eichmann Trial, 25 April 1961, session 14.

3
Recollections of Rosalind Herzfeld:
Jewish Chronicle
, 28 September 1979, page 80.

4
Nathan Eck, ‘Ringelblum, Emanuel, 1900–44’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 14, column 189.

5
Testimony of Zindel Gryszpan: Eichmann Trial, 25 April 1961, session 14.

6
E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler (editors),
Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–39
, London 1950, third series, volume 3, telegram 294, page 262.

7
Paul Oestereicher, ‘Terror, on Berlin’s Night of Broken Glass’, in
The Times
, 9 November 1978.

8
Wim van Leer,
Time of My Life
, Jerusalem 1984, pages 166–8.

9
Lowenthal,
The Jews of Germany, op. cit.
, page 436.

10
Letter dated Leipzig, 21 November 1938: submitted to the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, as document L-202.