The Holocaust (125 page)

11
Dr Arthur Flehinger, ‘Flames of Fury’,
Jewish Chronicle
, 9 November 1979, page 27.

12
Eric Lucas, manuscript, ‘The Sovereigns’, Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine) 1945, pages 169–71.

13
Huttenbach,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Worms, op. cit.
, pages 20–1.

14
A thousand million marks was the equivalent in November 1938 of £84,000 million in 1985.

15
H. D. Leuner,
When Compassion was a Crime: Germany’s Silent Heroes
, London 1966, pages 113–14.

16
Sir George Ogilvie-Forbes, Despatch no. 1224 of 16 November 1938: Foreign Office papers, 371/21637.

17
News Chronicle
, 23 November 1938.

18
Associated Press photographs, 50343a and 50343c, with captions.

19
Testimony of Dr Ernest Abeles, active in the Orthodox community in Slovakia, and in the Slovak office of the American Joint Distribution Committee: Eichmann Trial, 23 May 1961, session 49.

20
Testimony of Benno Cohn: Eichmann Trial, 25 April 1961, session 15.

21
Wim van Leer,
op. cit.
, page 174.

22
The Times
, 3 December 1938.

23
Hull Committee of the Council for German Jewry. Letter to potential supporters, 7 December 1938: archives of Hull Jewry, Jack Lennard papers.

24
‘Plan for Assisting Emigration of Jews from Germany’, note by Roger Makins, 8 December 1938: Foreign Office papers, 371/22539.

25
Cabinet no. 59 of 1938, London, 14 December 1938, Conclusion 6: Cabinet papers, 23/96; Captain Foley to Sir George Ogilvie-Forbes, 17 January 1939: Foreign Office papers, 371/24079.

26
Baynes (editor),
The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922—August 1939, op. cit.
, page 741.

27
Quoted by Goering in his letter to Heydrich of 31 July 1941: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-710.

28
Judith Tydor-Baumel, ‘The Kitchener Transmigration Camp at Richborough’, in Livia Rothkirchen (editor),
Yad Vashem Studies
, XIV, Jerusalem 1981, pages 233–46.

29
Lucas, ‘The Sovereigns’,
op. cit.
, pages 187–90.

30
Ibid.
, page 190.

31
Ivone Kirkpatrick, Minute of 13 February 1939: Foreign Office papers, 371/24087.

32
Deputation of 18 May 1939: Foreign Office papers, 371/24983.

33
Inter-departmental conference, 26 May 1939, Minutes: Foreign Office papers, 371/24090.

34
Julius Lowenthal (now Yehuda Guy), in conversation with the author, Ramat Aviv, Israel.

35
Letters of 11 March 1939 and 13 May 1939: archives of the Hull Committee of the Council for German Jewry: Jack Lennard papers.

36
Note by Patrick Reilly, 24 July 1939: Foreign Office papers, 371/24100.

37
Letter of 30 July 1939: Neville Chamberlain papers.

38
Cabinet Committee Minutes, 7 August 1939: Cabinet papers, 27/651.

39
Report on Slovak Jewry, 17 August 1939: Foreign Office papers, 371/24085.

40
J. Rimon (editor),
The Jewish Community of Szrensk and the Vicinity: a Memorial Volume
, Jerusalem 1960, page 43.

41
Eva Michaelis, ‘Youth Aliyah Report, August 25th—September 7th 1939’: Central Zionist archives, S 75/746.

7. SEPTEMBER 1939: THE TRAPPING OF POLISH JEWRY

1
Yad Vashem archive, Photograph Collection.

2
Alexander Zvielli (Wojcikiewicz), ‘The Day the Nazis Went to War’,
Jerusalem Post
, 31 August 1979.

3
Joseph Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow by the Nazis during World War II
, Tel Aviv 1965, column 5.

4
Jacob Apenszlak (editor),
The Black Book of Polish Jewry
, New York 1943.

5
Kermish,
op. cit.

6
Czestochowa memorial book, Jerusalem 1967.

7
Poland: the Communities of Lodz and its Region
, Jerusalem 1976, page 94, entry for Widawa.

8
Bedzin memorial book, Tel Aviv 1959.

9
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, War Years in Poland
, 1939–1945, Warsaw 1968, page 161.

10
Quoted in Nora Levin,
The Holocaust: the Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945
, New York 1968, page 153.

11
The fullest account of these events is in Szymon Datner,
55 Dni (1. ix—15x 1939) Wehrmachtu w Polsce
, Warsaw 1967.

12
Testimony of Eda Lichtmann: Eichmann Trial, 28 April 1961, session 20.

13
Przemysl memorial book, Tel Aviv 1964.

14
Poland: the Communities of Lodz, op. cit.
, entry for Sieradz.

15
Order No. 7, quoted in Louis Falstein (editor),
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland
, New York 1963, page 172.

16
Kermish,
op. cit.
, column 6.

17
Copies of this secret note of the discussion were sent to the Army High Command, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Food and the Economy, to the Commissioner for the Four Year Plan, as well as to chiefs of the Civilian Administration of the Occupied Territories. International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-3363.

18
Eliezer Tash (Tur-Shalom),
The Community of Semiatych (Siemiatycze)
, Tel Aviv 1965.

19
Emanuel Ringelblum, notes, 26 April 1941: Jacob Sloan, (editor)
Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: the Journal of Emanuel Ringelblum
, New York 1958, page 168.

20
Maria Feferman-Wasoff, typescript, ‘The Processed’, 1979, page 10.

21
Abraham Isaiah Altus, ‘The Nazi Invasion of Raciaz’ in
Gal-Ed Memorial Book to the Community of Raciaz
, Tel Aviv 1965.

22
Kermish,
op. cit.
, column 9.

23
S. L. Shneiderman (editor),
Warsaw Ghetto: a Diary by Mary Berg
, New York 1945, page 16.

24
Testimony of Joseph Berger-Ezrahi: Yad Vashem archive, 0–3/447, quoted in Shmuel Krakowski, ‘The Fate of Jewish Prisoners of War in the September 1939 Campaign’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, XII, Jerusalem 1977, page 303.

25
Ringelblum Archive: quoted in Krakowski,
op. cit.
, page 302.

26
Vitka Kempner, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.

27
Pultusk memorial book, Tel Aviv 1971.

28
Tarnobrzeg memorial book, Tel Aviv 1973.

29
Apenszlak,
op. cit.
, page 143, quoting
Documents of Crime and Martyrdom
, Cracow 1945.

30
Testimony of Max Burger: Eichmann Trial, 27 April 1961, session 19.

31
Draft of an oral report, eventually given on 6 February 1940, criticizing atrocities committed by the SS and the police in the General Government in December 1939: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-3011.

32
Nachman Blumenthal (editor),
Obozy
, Lodz 1946, pages 127–8.

33
Eimann was found guilty of murder, and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment, and three years’ deprivation of citizen’s rights: Tregenza collection, London.

34
David Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved
, London 1964, page 27.

35
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski,
Warsaw Death Ring, 1939–1944
, Warsaw 1968, page 21.

36
Ordinance of 26 October 1939: General Government Official Gazette, no. 1 of 1939, pages 6–7.

37
Yisrael Guttman, ‘The Concept of Labour in Judenrat Policy’,
Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe
, 1933–1945, Jerusalem 1979, pages 155–7.

38
Kermish,
op. cit.
, columns 9–10; information provided by Ben Helfgott.

39
The Radomsko ghetto was set up on 20 December 1939, the Lodz ghetto on 1 May 1940.

40
Mary Berg diary, 3 November 1939: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, page 20.

41
Contra-Komintern
, 2 November 1939.

42
Chaim Kaplan, diary entry for 17 November 1939, in Abraham I. Katsch (editor),
The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan
, New York 1973 (1965 edition entitled
Scroll of Agony
), pages 71–2.

43
Ordinance of 23 November 1939: General Government Official Gazette, no. 1 of 1939, page 61.

44
Lucas, ‘The Sovereigns’,
op. cit.
, page 191.

45
‘Verzeichnis der deportierten Juden’,
Heimatblatter des Kreises Aachen
, 1980, page 70.

8. ‘BLOOD OF INNOCENTS’

1
Bartoszewski,
Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit.
, page 28.

2
Poland: the Communities of Lodz, op. cit.
, entry for Zdunska Wola.

3
Circular of 12 November 1939, signed by Koppe, Higher SS and Police Chief, Warthegau: in Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous among Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews
, 1939–45, London, 1969, pages 621–3.

4
Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved, op. cit.
, page 24.

5
Ibid.
, page 26.

6
Ibid.
, pages 24–5.

7
Official notice, published in the
Nowy Kurier Warszawski
on 2 December 1939: Bartoszewski,
op. cit.
, page 23.

8
Ibid.
, page 23.

9
Litzmannstadter Zeitung
, 16 November 1939.

10
Quoted in the
Frankfurter Zeitung
, 28 March 1941.

11
Kaplan diary, 18 November 1939: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 74.

12
Nowy Kurier Warszawski
, 30 November 1939: Bartoszewski,
op. cit.
, page 24.

13
Bartoszewski,
op. cit.
, pages 24–5. Landau, arrested by the Germans in 1944, was never seen again. The German Security Police Commander in the Warsaw district, responsible for the execution, Joseph Meisinger, was sentenced to death in Warsaw on 3 March 1947.

14
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, page 493.

15
Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved, op. cit.
, page 28.

16
Ibid.
, page 24.

17
Mary Berg diary, 1 December 1939: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, page 22.

18
Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit.
, columns 14–15.

19
Testimony of Hirsch Pachter: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.

20
Bartoszewski,
op. cit.
, pages 26–7. The Jews were all from Losice: Zygmunt Ochsenhorn, Mojse Marmelstein, Dawid Goldfarb, Stanislaw Mohsbock, Moses Gojnberg, and Dawid Rosenbind.

21
Kaplan diary, 13 December 1939: Katsch,
op. cit.
, pages 85–6.

22
Decree of 11 December 1939: quoted in full in Shirer,
Berlin Diary, op. cit.
, page 220, note 1.

23
SS Major Bischoff to the Mayor of Jarocin, 13 December 1939: Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, page 625.

24
Kaplan diary, 16 December 1939: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 87.

25
Mary Berg diary, 18 December 1939: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, page

26
Hans Frank, diary entry for 19 December 1939:
Hans Frank Diary
, Warsaw 1961. The complete diary was submitted to the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, as document USSR-223.

27
The Jews included Elja Brajtman, Aron Fogelnest, Eliasz Nussenbaum, Jankiel and Uszer Rosenberg, Herszek and Lejbus Szajman and Mechel Tuchmacher.

28
Kaplan diary, 29 December 1939: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 93.

29
Kaplan diary, 31 December 1939:
ibid.
, page 94.

30
Kaplan diary, 30 December 1939:
ibid.
, pages 93–4.

31
Immediately after seeing the boat off from Vienna, Ehud Uberall (later Ehud Avriel) had gone to Palestine, a legal Palestine visa in his valid German passport: Ehud Avriel,
Open the Gates! A Personal Story of ‘Illegal’ Immigration to Israel
, London 1975, page 104.

32
Communication from Professor Bauer, 1 October 1978: diplomatic protests were made by the British Ambassador in Belgrade, Sir Ronald Campbell, on 29 January and 5 February 1940.

33
Avriel,
op. cit.
, page 103.

34
Yitzhak Zuckerman, ‘25 Years after the Warsaw Ghetto Revolt’:
Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust, op. cit.
, page 25.

9. 1940: ‘A WAVE OF EVIL’

1
Ringelblum notes, January 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 7–8.

2
Ringelblum notes, 2 January 1940:
ibid.
, page 11.

3
Ringelblum notes, 5 January 1940:
ibid.
, pages 11–12.

4
Ringelblum notes, 6 January 1940:
ibid.
, page 12.

5
Kaplan diary, 6 January 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, pages 97–8.

6
Mary Berg diary, 10 January 1940: Schneiderman,
op. cit.
, page 25.

7
Testimony of Avraham Buchman: Eichmann Trial, 2 June 1961, session 63.

8
Ringelblum notes, 6 March 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 25.

9
Testimonies of Arieh Helfgot, Nachum Perelman and Joseph Grosfeld, Yad Vashem archive: Krakowski, ‘Jewish Prisoners of War in the 1939 Campaign’,
op. cit.
, pages 316–17.