The Holocaust (127 page)

26
Ringelblum notes, 18 March 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 138.

27
Kolnische Zeitung
, 5 April 1941.

28
Order dated 12 April 1941: A. Eisenbach (editor),
Dokumenty i Materialy, Getto Lodzkie
, Warsaw, Lodz, Cracow 1946, pages 86–7.

29
Lodz Chronicle, 10–24 March 1941: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 34.

30
Lodz Chronicle, 26 March 1941:
ibid.
, page 37.

31
Information from Miriam Novitch, Kibbutz Lohamei Hagettaot, Israel.

32
Charles W. Steckel,
Destruction and Survival
, Los Angeles 1973, page 14.

33
Steckel,
ibid.
, page 15.

34
Yad Vashem News
, Jerusalem, June 1984, pages 11–12. On 29 January 1984 the state of Israel recognized Mustafa Hardaga as a ‘righteous among the nations’.

35
Ringelblum notes, 17 April 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 154–6.

36
Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

37
After the war, Zuckerman married Zivia Lubetkin; they lived in Israel. The Polish spelling of his name was Cukierman.

38
Ringelblum notes, 11 May 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 170.

39
Ringelblum notes, 11 May 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 176.

40
Ringelblum notes, 11 May 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 174.

41
Lodz Chronicle, 21 April 1941: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 50.

42
Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
, New York 1981, pages 166–7.

43
‘List of Jews Executed in France’: Serge Klarsfeld,
Memorial to the Jews Deported from France
, 1942–1944, New York 1983, pages 642–54.

44
Document submitted to the Eichmann Trial, 11 July 1961, session 92. The phrase used was: ‘Zweifellos kommende Endlösung’.

45
Marrus and Paxton,
op. cit.
, page 167.

46
Ringelblum notes, 11 May 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 173.

47
Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 46.

48
Ringelblum notes, 11 May 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 177.

49
Krakowski, ‘Jewish Prisoners of War in the 1939 Campaign’,
op. cit.
, page 318.

50
Zalman Grinberg diary, 21 June 1941: quoted in Grinberg’s speech of 27 May 1945, ‘Address Delivered by Dr Zalman Grinberg on the Occasion of a Liberation Celebration’, copy, Foreign Office papers, 371/55705.

51
Tash,
The Community of Semiatych, op. cit.

12. ‘IT CANNOT HAPPEN!’

1
Testimony of Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

2
Stanislaw Adler,
In the Warsaw Ghetto, 1940–1943, An Account of a Witness
, Jerusalem 1982, page 325.

3
Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 46.

4
Ibid.
, page 47.

5
Shalom Cholawski,
Soldiers from the Ghetto
, San Diego 1980, page 38.

6
Arieh Leon Bauminger, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.

7
Interrogation report of a liberated
prisoner on Alderney Island, June 1944: Solomon H. Steckoll,
The Alderney Death Camp
, London 1981, page 33.

8
Testimony of J. Dawidowicz, ‘Revenge—Recollections of a Partisan’,
Folksshtime
, Warsaw, July—August 1958: Reuben Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe
, London 1974, page 159.

9
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, page 347.

10
‘Sufferings of Kovno (Kaunas) Jewry’, letter of 26 May 1945:
Bulletin
, London, November 1945, copy in Foreign Office papers, 371/57625.

11
Maja Abramowicz (Zarch), typescript, pages 24–5.

12
The story of the mass murder of Russian prisoners-of-war in German hands is one of the least known atrocity stories of the Second World War: on a visit to Poland in 1981, the author was overwhelmed by the number of sites at which Russian prisoners-of-war had perished. These sites are listed (for the area of post-1945 Poland) in
Obozy hitlerowskie na ziemiach polskich 1939–45: Informator encyclopedyczny
, Warsaw 1979.

13
Of a total of 5,700,000 Russian soldiers captured in the Second World War, 2,500,000 died in captivity. Of them, it is estimated that one million were shot by the Einsatzgruppen, and that the rest died from hunger, cold and disease, in camps where they were often denied even the rudiments of shelter and medical attention.

14
Cholawski,
op. cit.
, page 39.

15
Szymon Datner,
Walka i Zaglada Bialystockiego Ghetta
, Lodz 1946, pages 10–14.

16
Jean Ancel, ‘Faleshty’ (Falesti),
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1971, volume 6, columns 1154–5.

17
Jean Ancel, ‘Dombroveni’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1971, volume 6, columns 157–8.

18
Jean Ancel, ‘The Rumanian Jewry between 23.8.1941 and 31.12.1947’, doctoral thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, submitted September 1979.

19
Zalman Grinberg diary, quoted in speech,
op. cit.

20
Le Massacre des Juifs de Jassy
(documents and photographs): Yad Vashem photographic archive, F.A.50.

21
Eye-witness account, first published in
Mantuirea:
‘Expulsion of the Remaining Jews of Jassy’,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, copy in Foreign Office papers, 371/51116.

22
Information provided by Jean Ancel.

23
Reports No. 1324 of 4 July 1941 (Roman), No. 4457 of 6 July 1941 (Prabova-Inotesti) and No. 10,252 of 6 July 1941 (Jassy): Le
Massacre des Juifs de Jassy, op. cit.

24
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, pages 246–8.

25
Testimony of Leon Weliczker Wells: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 22.

26
Testimony of Joseph Melkman: Eichmann Trial, 10 May 1961, session 34; see also Presser,
The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit.
, page 70.

27
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, pages 464–6.

28
Datner,
Walka, op. cit.
, page 14.

29
Eichmann cross-examination: Eichmann Trial, 19 April 1961, session 10.

30
Testimony of Dr Aharon Peretz: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1962, session 28.

31
‘Recapitulation of Executions Carried Out in the Area of Strike Commando 3 until 1 December 1941’, Kovno, 1 December 1941: Raul Hilberg (editor),
Documents of Destruction, Germany and Jewry
1933–1945, London 1972, page 47.

32
Operational Situation Report,
USSR, no. 17, 9 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

33
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 361.

34
N. M. Gelber (editor),
Lwow Volume
, Tel Aviv 1956, page 681.

35
Jack (Idel) Kagan, in conversation with the author, London, 21 May 1984.

36
Report of 1 December 1941: Hilberg,
op. cit.
, page 47.

37
Yitzhak Arad,
Ghetto in Flames: the Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust
, Jerusalem 1980, pages 75–7.

38
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit.
, page 62.

39
Landau diary, 14 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive, Photograph Collection.

40
Kishinev Memorial Book, Tel Aviv 1950;
The Jews of Bessarabia
(Memorial Book), Jerusalem 1971; Theodor Lavi, ‘Kishinev’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 10, column 1068.

41
Itzhak Alfassi, ‘Zirelson, Judah Leib, 1860–1941’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 16, column 1183.

42
F. H. Hinsley and others,
British Intelligence in the Second World War, Its Influence on Strategy and Operations
, volume 2, London 1981, appendix 5, page 671.

43
D. B. Levin, ‘We Will Never Forget and Never Forgive the Fascist Criminals’ (in Russian), Saratov 1942, page 34. I am grateful to Yigael Zafoni of Leningrad for this reference.

44
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 31, 23 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

45
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 32, 24 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

46
Friedman,
op. cit.
, page 249.

47
The five attacks were reported in Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 37, 29 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

48
Steckel,
Destruction and Survival, op. cit.
, page 34.

49
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 38, 30 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

50
Landau diary, 28 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

51
Friedman,
op. cit.
, page 199, note 30, and page 200, notes 31–33.

52
Ibid.
, page 200, note 34.

53
Ibid.
, page 291.

54
Melech Ravitch, ‘Kacyzne, Alter, 1885–1941’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 10, columns 657–8.

55
Kishinev memorial book, Tel Aviv 1949.

56
Einsatzgruppe ‘C’
, reports for 17–31 July 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

57
Report entitled ‘Attitude Towards the Civilian Population in the East’, written in Kassel, Germany, on 3 January 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, documents USSR-293. Quoted in Levin,
The Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 260–1.

58
Letter of 31 July 1941: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-710.

59
Letter of 1 August 1941: Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 141.

60
Lodz Chronicle, 28 and 29–31 July 1941: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, pages 67, note 79, and 68.

61
Archive of YIVO, New York.

62
Diary of W. Sakowicz, 27 July—2 August 1941:
The Paneriai Museum
, Vilna 1966, pages 6–7. I am grateful to Boris Kelman of Leningrad for this reference.

63
Yad Vashem photographic archive.

64
Hilberg,
op. cit.
, page 49.

65
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 40, 3 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

66
Falstein,
op. cit.
, pages 337 and 340.

67
Hilberg,
op. cit.
, page 49.

68
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 43, 5 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

69
Yad Vashem archive, information provided by Dr Jean Ancel.

70
Maja Abramowicz (Zarch),
op. cit.
, page 27.

13. ‘A CRIME WITHOUT A NAME’

1
Yitzhak Arad, ‘The Lithuanian Ghettos of Kovno and Vilna’,
Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe, 1933–1945
, Jerusalem 1979, pages 97–8.

2
Abraham Turi (Avraham Tory, formerly Golub), ‘Debate’,
Patterns of Jewish Leadership, op. cit.
, pages 181–2.

3
Sarah Neshamit, ‘Debate’,
Patterns of Jewish Leadership, op. cit.
, pages 183–4.

4
Isaiah Trunk,
Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation
, New York 1972 (paperback edition 1977), page 446.

5
Letter of Salomon Speiser, Warsaw 1945:
Hurben Gliniane
(‘The Tragic End of Our Gliniany’), New York 1946.

6
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 444.

7
Idem.

8
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 47, 9 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

9
Lohse directive, 15 August 1941: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-4539.

10
Dr Zalman Grinberg, diary,
op. cit.

11
Testimony of Dr Aharon Peretz: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.

12
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit.
, page 61.

13
Report of 1 December 1941: Hilberg,
Documents of Destruction, op. cit.
, page 49.

14
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 54, 16 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

15
Maria Rubinstein, in conversation with the author, Beersheba.

16
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 51, 13 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

17
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 56, 18 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

18
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 58, 20 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

19
Operational Situation Report, USSR, no. 60, 22 August 1941: Yad Vashem archive.

20
Joseph Gottfarstein, ‘Debate’:
Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 61–2.

21
Colonel Grigoriy Matveyevich Linkov,
War in the Enemy’s Rear
: Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, page 282.

22
Arad,
Ghetto in Flames, op. cit.
, page 98.

23
Broadcast of 24 August 1941: quoted in Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, volume 6,
op. cit.
, pages 1173–4.

24
Hinsley,
British Intelligence, op. cit.
, appendix 5, page 671.

25
Randolph L. Braham, ‘The Kamenets Podolsk Massacres’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, IX, Jerusalem 1973, pages 139–40.