The Holocaust (134 page)

20
Ringelblum notes, 5 December 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 326.

21
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 258.

22
Ibid.
, pages 255–6.

23
Announcement of 19 November 1942, to come into effect on 1 December 1942: Bartoszewski and Lewin,
Righteous among Nations, op. cit.
, page 643.

24
Ibid.
, page 607.

25
Arieh Koren, recollections: Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 31.

26
‘Parczew District, Bialka’:
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit.
, page 244.

27
Arieh Koren, recollections: Krakowski,
op. cit.
, page 31.

28
Idem.

29
The ambush took place on 29 December 1942, testimony of Chaim Joffe, born in Nowogrodek
on 22 November 1922: Yad Vashem archive, M-1/E, 950/794.

30
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, page 362. Bartoszewski was a member of the Council.

31
Ibid.
, page LXXXI.

32
Goebbels diary, 13 December 1942: Michaelis,
Mussolini and the Jews, op. cit.
, page 335.

33
Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

34
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, page 843.

35
Diary of Gusta Draenger: Zeev Ben-Shlomo and David Sonin, ‘The Unknown Jewish Freedom Fighters’,
Jewish Chronicle, Colour Supplement
, 28 November 1980, page 27.

36
Testimony of Rivka Cooper (Liebeskind): Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.

37
Spector, ‘The Jews of Volhynia…’,
op. cit.
, pages 172–3.

38
Presser,
The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit.
, pages 176–7.

39
Postcard dated 16 December 1942: Sakowska,
Archiwum Ringelbluma, op. cit.
, page 197, document 148.

40
Postcard dated 17 December 1942:
ibid.
, page 198, document 149.

41
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 17 December 1942.

42
Dr Norris N. Wallach, letter to the author, 29 May 1983 and 17 September 1984.

43
Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit.
, columns 39–42.

44
Information from Ben Helfgott, in conversation with the author, London.

45
Postcard dated 21 December 1942: Sakowska,
op. cit.
, page 200, document 152.

46
Prayer, December 1942:
ibid.
, pages 332–3, document 227.

47
Samuel Rajzman (cross-examined by Counsellor Smirnov): International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.

48
Samuel Rajzman, affidavit: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.

49
Poland: The Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit.
, entry for Opoczno.

50
‘The Journey to Eretz Yisrael’: Eisenberg,
Witness to the Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 206–13.

51
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 464.

52
Krakowski,
War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, pages 220–1.

53
Letter of 9 January 1943: Walter Bednarz,
The Extermination Camp at Chelmno (Kulmhof)
, Warsaw 1946, page 213.

54
Spector, ‘The Jews of Volhynia…’,
op. cit.
, pages 182–6.

55
Smoliar,
Resistance in Minsk, op. cit.
, 1966.

56
Letter dated 2 November 1942: Eichmann Trial, 9 June 1961, session 72, document T. 1364.

57
Letter submitted to the Eichmann Trial, 9 June 1961, session 72, document T. 1363.

58
Letter dated 21 June 1943: Eichmann Trial, 9 June 1961, session 72, document T.37 (95).

59
Manuscript of Salmen Lewental: Jadwige Bezwinska and Danuta Czech (editors),
Amidst a Nightmare of Crime: Manuscripts of Members of Sonderkommando
, Auschwitz-Oswiecim 1973, pages 135–6.

60
Vrba and Bestic,
I Cannot Forgive, op. cit.
, pages 127–8.

61
Letter of 4 January 1943: Auschwitz Museum archive.

62
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entries between 7 January 1943 and 23 January 1943.

63
‘Transport Cz’, 20 January 1943: Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, pages 223–4.

64
Notebook of an unknown author: Bezwinska and Czech,
op. cit.
, pages 119–21.

65
Testimony of Dr Aharon Peretz: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.

66
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, page 608.

67
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 440.

68
Arieh-Leib Kalish, ‘Zemba, Menachem (1883–1943)’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 16, columns 986–7.

69
Serge Klarsfeld and Maxime Steinberg,
Memorial de la Deportation des Juifs de Belgique
, New York and Brussels, 1982.

70
Testimony of Yaacov Gurfein: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.

71
Norris N. Wallach, letters to the author, 29 May 1983 and 17 September 1984.

72
Testimony of Rivka Cooper (Liebeskind): Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.

73
Testimony of Bluma Shadur: Yigal Lossin,
Pillars of Fire: the Rebirth of Israel, a Visual History
, Jerusalem 1983, page 359.

74
Adler,
In the Warsaw Ghetto, op. cit.
, page 325.

75
Yisrael Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 309. The figure of 1,171 Jews ‘summarily shot’ in the streets of the ghetto between 18 and 21 January 1944 is given in Bartoszewski,
Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit.
, page 165.

76
Tuvia Borzykowski,
Between Tumbling Walls
, Tel Aviv 1972 (reprinted 1976), pages 22–3.

77
Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved, op. cit.
, page 87.

78
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians, op. cit.
, page 317.

79
Borszykowski,
op. cit.
, page 23.

80
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 316.

81
Borszykowski,
op. cit.
, page 24.

82
Wdowinski,
op. cit.
, page 87.

83
Borszykowski,
op. cit.
, page 29.

84
Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

85
Meed,
On Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit.
, page 154.

86
Katznelson,
Vittel Diary, op. cit.
, page 177.

87
Meed,
op. cit.
, page 154.

27. ‘HELP ME GET MORE TRAINS’

1
Letter of 20 January 1943, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-2405: Dawidowicz,
The War against the Jews, 1933–45, op. cit.
, page 183.

2
Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, pages 104–5.

3
Presser,
The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit.
, pages 182–3.

4
Vrba and Bestic,
I Cannot Forgive, op. cit.
, pages 151–3.

5
Testimony of Madame Claude Vaillant Couturier: Nuremberg, 28 January 1946,
The Trial of German Major War Criminals: Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany
, part 5, London 1946, pages 190–1.

6
Szajkowski,
Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer, op. cit.
, entry for La Rose.

7
Klarsfeld,
Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit.
(deportation of 23 March 1943, to Drancy, thence to Sobibor), pages 410–11 and 414–19.

8
Report of 23 January 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-4959.

9
Report of 3 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-5087.

10
‘Transport Cr’, 23 January 1943: Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 244.

11
Szymon Datner: conversation with the author, Warsaw, 14 August 1980.

12
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
Righteous among Nations, op. cit.
, page 605.

13
Steckel,
Destruction and Survival, op. cit.
, page 38.

14
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 284.

15
‘Goldberg Netka’, Supplementary Record, Face Sheet, 16 May 1946: Yad Vashem archive.

16
Testimony of Madame Claude Vaillant Couturier:
The Trial of German Major War Criminals, op. cit.
, pages 185–6.

17
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
entries for 2 to 27 February 1943.

18
Sirkka Purkey, ‘The Treatment of Jewish Refugees in Finland’,
op. cit.

19
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 28 February 1943.

20
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, page 531.

21
Testimony of Abraham Karasick: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.

22
Author’s personal photographic collection: Bialystok, 5 August 1980.

23
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 444.

24
Nochem Babikier, evidence given to the Jewish Historical Commission in Bialystok, 24 November 1946: Yad Vashem archive M.11/143.

25
Szymon Datner, letter to the author, 10 October 1984; Tenenbaum,
Underground, op. cit.
, pages 437–8.

26
Lodz Chronicle, 11 February 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 319 and note 7.

27
Testimony of Dr Aharon Beilin: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 69.

28
‘Report on the realization of textile salvage from the Jewish resettlement up to the present date’, 6 February 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-1257.

29
Report by Himmler of 15 January 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-1257.

30
‘Report by SS Sturmbannfuhrer Wippern, 27 February 1943, concerning values of money, precious metals, other valuables and textiles of Jews, delivered up to 3 February 1943’: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-061.

31
‘Ginsburger, Ernest, 1876–1943’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 7, column 583.

32
‘Convoy 47, February 11, 1943’: Klarsfeld,
op. cit.
, pages 361–70.

33
Testimony of Heinrich Grüber: Eichmann Trial, 16 May 1961, session 41.

34
Miriam Novitch,
Spiritual Resistance, 120 Drawings from Concentration Camps and Ghettos
, Milan 1979, page 54.

35
Klarsfeld,
op. cit.
, pages 377–83.

36
Arad,
Treblinka, op. cit.

37
Michael Molho,
In Memoriam: Hommage aux Victimes Juives des Nazis en Grece
, Salonica 1973.

38
Michaelis,
Mussolini and the Jews, op. cit.
, page 307.

39
David Sonin and Zeev Ben Shlomo, ‘For Our Fathers and Mothers’:
Jewish Chronicle Colour Supplement
, London, 28 September 1979, pages 8–9.

40
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entries for 6 and 8 February 1943.

41
Discussion of 27 February 1943: Dawidowicz,
A Holocaust Reader, op. cit.
, pages 347–54.

42
Lodz Chronicle, 27 February 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 321.

43
Lodz Chronicle, 13 March 1943:
ibid.
, page 323.

44
Lodz Chronicle, 30 March 1943:
ibid.
, pages 331–2.

45
Yisrael Medad, ‘Flight through the Forest’:
Israel Scene
, June 1981, pages 18–20. After the war, Drobless went first to Argentine, then to Israel. He later became a member of the Knesset (the Israeli Parliament), and in 1978 head of the settlement division of the World Zionist Organization.

46
Yankel (Jankiel) Wiernik,
A Year
in Treblinka
, New York 1945, page 28.

47
Trial of Hubert Gomerski, Frankfurt, 1950, document GB 06.08: Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 919, note 45.

48
‘Convoy 49, March 2, 1943’: Klarsfeld,
op. cit.
, pages 384–91.

49
Bezwinska and Czech,
Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit.
, pages 181–90.

50
‘Convoy 50, March 4, 1943’: Klarsfeld,
op. cit.
, pages 395–403.

51
Alfred Werner, ‘Lismann, Hermann (1878–1943)’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 11, column 305.

52
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 467.

53
Yitzhak Arad,
The Partisans: From the Valley of Death to Mount Zion
, New York 1979, pages 93–101.

54
Nissan Oren, ‘The Bulgarian Exception: a Reassessment of the Salvation of the Jewish Community’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, volume 7, Jerusalem 1968, pages 83–106.

55
Dr Rivka Kauli: letter to the author, 15 February 1979.

56
Erich Kulka (editor),
Collection of Testimonies and Documents on the Participation of Czechoslovak Jews in the War against the Nazi-Germany
, Jerusalem 1976, page 20; Erich Kulka, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.