The Holocaust (136 page)

70
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 222.

71
Yitzhak Arad, ‘The “Final Solution” in Lithuania in the Light of German Documentation’,
Yad
Vashem Studies
, XI, Jerusalem 1976, page 261.

72
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, page 609.

73
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 305.

74
Circular No. 33/43g, ‘Treatment of the Jewish Question’, Führer Headquarters, 11 July 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-2710. The phrase ‘future overall solution’ was rendered in German as
Gesamtlösung.

75
Letters of 16 July 1943 and 20 December 1943: Leuner,
When Compassion Was a Crime, op. cit.
, page 107.

76
Letter of 20 December 1943:
ibid.
, page 107.

30. ‘TO PERISH, BUT WITH HONOUR’

1
The Kalish Book, op. cit.
, pages 315–16.

2
Testimony of Abba Kovner: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

3
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 376.

4
Testimony of Abba Kovner: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

5
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 377.

6
Recollection of Leah Leibowitz (Klompul), in conversation with the author, Johannesburg.

7
Recollection of Leah Leibowitz,
ibid.

8
Tatiana Berenstein and Adam Rutkowski, ‘The Concentration Camp for Jews in Warsaw’,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 62, 1967, pages 3–22.

9
Bartoszewski,
Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit.
, page 190.

10
Klarsfeld,
Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit.
, page 648.

11
Arad,
Ghetto in Flames, op. cit.
, pages 397–9.

12
‘Report from Salonica’,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, February 1945.

13
Friedmann,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 311.

14
Lubetkin,
Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 331.

15
‘An Escape from Treblinka’: Eliezer Task,
The Community of Semiatych.

16
Testimony of Izak Helfing, recorded in 1945: Yad Vashem archive, M-1/518/460.

17
Testimony of Samuel Rajzman: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg,
op. cit.
, pages 124–5.

18
Testimony of Kalman Teigmann: Eichmann Trial, 6 June 1961, session 66.

19
Testimony of Samuel Rajzman,
op. cit.

20
Zabecki,
Wspomnienia, op. cit.
, page 126.

21
Poland: the Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit.
, entry for Konin.

22
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 300.

23
Arad,
Ghetto in Flames, op. cit.
, pages 404–5.

24
Bartoszewski,
op. cit.
, page 191. The women were executed on 26 August 1943, the men on 27 August 1943.

25
Solomon H. Steckoll,
The Alderney Death Camp
, London 1982, pages 72, 93.

26
Goldin, 7 December 1943; Perlestein, 22 December 1943; Becker, 30 December 1943: Alfred Herzka, letter to the author, 14 August 1980.

27
Information in the diary of Oliver Harvey, entry for 6 August 1943: John Harvey (editor),
The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey
, London 1978.

28
Bertha Shachovsky (Sokolskaya): letter to the author, Moscow, 14 April 1984.

29
Testimony of Abraham Karasick:
Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.

30
Josef Polak, ‘The camp’:
Terezin
, Prague 1965, pages 33–4.

31
On 7 October 1943: Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 7 October 1943.

32
Samuel Pisar,
Of Blood and Hope
, London 1980, pages 40–1.

33
Testimony of Abraham Karasick: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.

34
Mieczyslaw Chodzko, ‘Wspomnienia treblinkarza’ (‘Reminiscences of a Treblinka prisoner’),
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 27, 1958, pages 122–4: Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, pages 741–2.

35
Zabecki, typescript,
op. cit.
, pages 134–5.

36
Bertha Shachovsky (Sokolskaya): letter to the author, Moscow, 15 April 1984.

37
Pisar,
op. cit.
, page 55.

38
Weliczker Wells,
The Janowska Road, op. cit.
, pages 189–90.

39
Falstein,
Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians, op. cit.
, page 311.

40
Stefan Krakowski, ‘Partyzancki oficer wywiadu’ (‘The Partisan Intelligence Officer’),
Nasz Glos
, number 30 (220), Warsaw, 8 October 1966.

41
Meed,
On Both Sides, op. cit.
, pages 294–303.

42
Harold Werner, testimony: Yad Vashem archive. After the war, Harold Werner settled in the United States.

43
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 233.

44
Glos Warszawy
, No. 67 (76), 26 October 1943: Ber Mark,
Uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto
, New York 1975, document 77, page 182. The five thousand Jews deported from Tarnow in the first week of September 1943 were sent to Birkenau together with three and a half thousand Jews from Przemysl and three thousand from Bochnia: all three towns being on the Auschwitz—Tarnow—Lvov railway.

45
Proclamation of 1 September 1943: Arad, Gutman and Margaliot,
Documents on the Holocaust, op. cit.
, document number 209, pages 459–60.

46
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 403.

47
Abba Kovner,
op. cit.
: after the war, Kovner married Vitka Kempner. They live in Israel.

48
The Kalish Book, op. cit.
, pages 315–16.

49
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, pages 377–8: Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 470.

50
Arad,
Ghetto in Flames, op. cit.
, pages 429–35 and 470.

51
Jakub Poznanski,
Pamietnik z getta lodzkiego
(Memoirs from the Lodz Ghetto), Lodz 1960, page 102: Lodz Chronicle, Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page xxi, note 34.

52
Jack (Idel) Kagan: conversation with the author, London, 21 May 1984.

53
Lodz Chronicle, 6 September 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 379.

54
Edelbaum,
Growing Up in the Holocaust, op. cit.
, page 65.

55
Ibid.
, page 66.

56
Lodz Chronicle, 13 September 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 381.

57
Edelbaum,
op. cit.
, page 67.

31. ‘A PAGE OF GLORY… NEVER TO BE WRITTEN’

1
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, page 482.

2
Report of an eye-witness:
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, February 1945.

3
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, pages 704–6.

4
Affidavit of Paul Blobel, 18 June 1947: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-3947.

5
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, pages 691–6.

6
Leni Yahil,
The Rescue of Danish Jewry
, Philadelphia 1969.

7
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 3 October 1943.

8
Himmler speech, 4 October 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-1919.

9
‘Transport Dn/a’, 5 October 1943: Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, page 228.

10
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 8 October 1943.

11
Julien Hirshaut,
Jewish Martyrs of Pawiak
, New York 1982, pages 164–5.

12
Testimony of Colonel D. S. Zilberman: Yad Vashem archive.

13
Testimony of Moshe Bejsky: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.

14
Testimony of Yaakov Biskowitz: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 65.

15
Alexander Aronovitch Pechersky, letter to the author, Rostov-on-Don, 16 December 1980.

16
Adam Rutkowski, ‘Ruch oporu w hitlerowskim obozie stracen Sobibor’ (‘The Resistance Movement in the Hitlerite Extermination Camp of Sobibor’),
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, numbers 65–6, 1968; Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 761.

17
Testimony of Alexander Pechersky: Novitch,
Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 93–5.

18
Testimony of Biskowitz: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 65.

19
Adam Rutkowski, ‘Resistance Movement in the Death Camp of Sobibor’,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, numbers 65–66, 1968.

20
Novitch,
Spiritual Resistance, op. cit.
, page 146.

21
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 483.

22
Idem.

23
‘Operations Diary of a Jewish Partisan Unit in Rudniki Forest, 1943–1944’: Arad, Gutman and Margaliot,
Documents on the Holocaust, op. cit.
, document 211, pages 463–70.

24
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 795.

25
Report of Jerzy Tabau (‘The Polish Major’s Report’): International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document L-022.

26
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 795.

27
Report of Jerzy Tabau,
op. cit.

28
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 796.

29
Deposition of Stanislaw Jankowski: Bezwinska and Czech,
Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit.
, pages 55–6.

30
Report of Jerzy Tabau,
op. cit.

31
Menasche,
Birkenau (Auschwitz II), Memoirs of an Eye-witness, op. cit.

32
Lena Berg, recollections: Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 306.

33
Giuliana Donati, ‘Deportazione degli Ebrei dall’Italia’,
Elenco cronologico dei convogli
, Milan, March 1975.

34
Friedman,
Road to Extinction, op. cit.
, pages 415–16.

35
Ibid.
, page 418.

36
Michaelis,
Mussolini and the Jews, op. cit.
, pages 364–5 and 369.

37
Donati,
op. cit.

38
Information provided by Miriam Novitch.

39
Helena Manaster, ‘An episode from the story of a survivor of the Jewish Holocaust’, letter to Marianne Sachs, November 1983.

40
Helena Manaster, letter to Elie Wiesel, May 1983.

41
Diary entry for 26 October 1943: Leon Weliczker Wells,
The Janowska Road, op. cit.
, page 206.

42
Documents and materials collected by Dr Shalom Cholawski (Jerusalem).

43
Joseph Matsas,
The Participation of the Greek Jews in the National Resistance (1940–1944)
, Janina, Greece, 1982 (a lecture delivered in Athens on 2 October 1982 and in Salonica on 6 December 1982), text from Moshe Sakkis.

44
Report of 7 October 1943, Cracow: Bartoszewski and Lewin,
Righteous among Nations, op. cit.
, page 602.

45
Ger van Roon,
Widerstand im Dritten Reich: Ein Ueberblick
, Munich 1980; cited by Egon Larsen, ‘Resistance in Nazi Germany’, Association of Jewish Refugees from Germany,
Information
, January 1981, volume 36, number 1.

46
Kitty Hart,
Return to Auschwitz
, London 1981, page 101.

32. ‘DO NOT THINK OUR SPIRIT IS BROKEN’

1
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 5 November 1943.

2
Krakowski,
War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 270.

3
Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved, op. cit.
, page 66, note 1.

4
Ibid.
, page 99.

5
‘Liquidation of the Concentration Camp at Poniatov: Report by a Woman who Fled from the Grave’,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
: Foreign Office papers, 371/51112, folios 79–89. Sometimes also spelt Poniatow, the correct spelling of the camp, and village, is Poniatowa.

6
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 296.

7
‘The Mass Slaughter at the Poniatow Camp’,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.

8
Sergio Delia Pergola, ‘Genoa’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 7, columns 408–9.

9
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 441.

10
‘The Manuscript’: Bezwinska and Czech,
Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit.
, pages 118–19. This manuscript, written in Yiddish, in black ink, on twenty-one pages, was discovered in 1952 on the site of Crematorium III. The last entry in the text is dated 26 November 1944. The name of the author is unknown.

11
Mordechai Kaplan, ‘Bachi, Armando (1883–1943)’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 4, columns 52–3.

12
Council of Jewish Communities in the Czech Lands,
Terezin
, Prague 1965, page 34; Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, pages 101–2.