The Intimate Lives of the Founding Fathers (55 page)

5. Durey,
With the Hammer of Truth
, 162. Merrill D. Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation
(New York, 1970), 709.

6.
Richmond Recorder
, September 15 and September 22, 1802.

7. Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello
, 496–502.

8. Malone,
Jefferson the President, First Term
, vol. 3 of
Jefferson and His Time
(Boston, 1970), 222–23.

9. Edwin M. Betts and James A. Bear Jr., eds,
The Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson
(Columbia, MO, 1966), 240.

10. Thomas Fleming,
The Louisiana Purchase
(New York, 2003). This brief book, part of a “Turning Points in American History” series, is a good summary of Louisiana story. It includes an extensive bibliography.

11. Durey,
With the Hammer of Truth
, 165–66.

12. Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes,
Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909
, vol. 5 (New York, 1915–1928), 1422. This describes a triumphant parade in New York staged by Mayor DeWitt Clinton, hailing Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase.

13. Malone,
Jefferson The President, First Term
, 411–15.

14. Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation
, 789–90.

15. Levin,
Abigail Adams,
413–19. Also see Kukla,
Jefferson’s Women
, 148–50.

16. Gaines,
Thomas Mann Randolph
, 48.

17. Ibid., 64–67.

18. Gaines,
Thomas Mann Randolph
, 78–79.

19. TJ to ER, July 10, 1805,
Family Letters
, 276.

20. TJ to ER May 21, 1805, ibid., 271.

21. Martha Jefferson Randolph to TJ, June 29, 1807, ibid., 302–3.

22. Randolph,
Domestic Life
, 294–96.

23. Ibid., 298.

24. The Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, http://wiki, Monticello.org, mediawiki/index.php, Nailmaking. Also see Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville, VA, 1993), “Those Who Labor For My Happiness, Thomas Jefferson and his Slaves,” by Lucia Stanton, 153–55.

25. Malone,
The Sage of Monticello
, vol. 6 of
Jefferson and His Time
, 511.

26. Randall,
The Life of Thomas Jefferson
, vol. 3, 326–27, note.

27. Gaines,
Thomas Mann Randolph
, 142–62.

28. TJ to JM, February 17, 1826,
Republic of Letters, 1964–1967
.

29. Pauline Maier,
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1997), 186. This superb book describes in convincing detail the rise of the Declaration to prominence in the American psyche, and Jefferson’s identification with it.

30. Alan Pell Crawford,
Twilight at Monticello, The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 2008), 243–44.

31. Ibid., 247–49.

32. Ibid., 249.

33. Ibid., 257–60. Also see Jack McLaughlin,
Jefferson and Monticello, The Biography of a Building
(New York, 1988), 380.

IF JEFFERSON IS WRONG, IS AMERICA WRONG?

1.
Nature
, vol. 396, no. 6706, November 5, 1998, 27–28.

2.
New York Times
, November 1, 1998.
Washington Post
, November 23, 1998.

3. Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson
, 996.

4. Peterson,
The Jefferson Image in the American Mind
, 182–83.

5. Ibid., 183–84.

6. Randolph,
Domestic Life
, Introduction, vii–viii.

7. Peterson,
The Jefferson Image
, 231–32.

8. Ibid., 233–34.

9. Cynthia H. Burton,
Jefferson Vindicated
, foreword by James A. Bear, emeritus director of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation (Keswick, VA, 2005), 115.

10.
Pike County Republican
, March 13, 1873. The full text can also be found in
Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings
, Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Research Committee, January 2000, 29–31.

11. Peterson,
The Jefferson Image
, 185, note.

12. Burton,
Jefferson Vindicated
, 116–17.

13. Recollections of Israel Gillette Jefferson,
Pike County Republican
, December 25, 1873 (original in Ohio Historical Society), Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Research Committee, January 2000, 32–34.

14. Letter of Thomas Jefferson Randolph to editor of
Pike County Republican
, undated, original, University of Virginia Library, Accession No. 8937, Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, 35–40.

15. For almost a century, Monticello had been owned by the Levy family. It was purchased in 1834 by Uriah Levy, a Philadelphian who rose to the rank of commodore in the U.S. Navy. Marc Leeson,
Saving Monticello, the Levy Family’s Epic Quest to Save the House that Jefferson Built
(New York, 2001).

16. Peterson,
The Jefferson Image
, 358.

17.
New York Times
, October 15, 2006 (obituary of Mrs. Bennett).

18.
Nature
, vol. 396, no. 6706, November 5, 1998.

19.
New York Times
letters to the editor, November 9, 1998.

20.
New York Times
letters to the editor, November 6, 1998.

21. Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, 10.

22. Response to the Minority Report, prepared by Lucia C. Stanton, Shannon Senior Research Historian, April 26, 2000.

23.
Jet
, February 14, 2000.

24. Jefferson’s Blood Interviews, Dr. Eugene Foster, 6.

25.
American Heritage
, February-March 2002, vol. 53, issue 1.

26. http://www.monticello.org/Matters/people/hemings-jefferson_contro.html, “Matters of Fact, The Hemings-Jefferson Controversy: A Brief Account.” There is a separate biography of Sally Hemings under “Matters of Fact.” For the revised statement, see: http://www.Monticello.org/planatation/hemingscontro/hemings-jefferson.

27. “A Daughter’s Declaration,”
John Hopkins Magazine
, September 1999, 21–27.

28.
New Yorker
, December 1, 2008, 34–38.

29. Steven Corneliussen’s essay can be read online at TJscience.com.

30. Burton,
Jefferson Vindicated
, 116, citing Albermarle County Minute Book, 1830–31:123.

31. Burton,
Jefferson Vindicated
, 42.

32. Ibid., 88, citing Callender in the
Richmond Recorder
.

33. At the end of the nineteenth century, in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, which spawned outrageous lies in newspapers, Joseph Pulitzer created a sensation when he told his reporters that henceforth they were expected to tell the truth. W. A. Swanberg,
Joseph Pulitzer
(New York, 1967), 254–55.

34. For Wetmore’s service record see: Military Pension File, Enlistment Record, Microfilm T-288, roll #509, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C. For the Adaline Rose lawsuit, see Docket Book #3, Pike County District Court, 1878.

35.
The Pike County Republican
, October 14, 1875, The Adaline Rose lawsuit was dismissed a year later, in March 1876, when Wetmore had long since fled the scene.

36. Burton,
Jefferson Vindicated
, 112. Noted Columbia University scholar Eric L. McKittrick thought, after reading these accounts, that Jefferson, far from being a sensualist, was more like “a tightlipped Irish pastor trying to keep the lid on a parish.” McKittrick thought the real issue was not Jefferson’s personal guilt but “the psychosexual dilemma of an entire society confronting slavery.” “The View From Jefferson’s Camp,”
The New York Review of Books
, December 17, 1970.

37. Ibid., 19–20.

38. Douglas Adair,
Fame and the Founding Fathers
(New York, 1974), “The Jefferson Scandals,” 160–191.

39. Bernard Mayo, ed., Preface by James A. Bear Jr.,
Thomas Jefferson and His Unknown Brother
(Charlottesville, 1981), 1–6. Also see
Family Letters
, 66, 182, 343. In
Jefferson Vindicated
, Cynthia Burton also examines Randolph as a potential father, 52–60.

40. McLaughlin,
Jefferson and Monticello, the Biography of a Builder
, 150–51.

41.
Jeffersonian Legacies
, edited by Peter S. Onuf (Charlottesville, 1993), is a good example of this trend. Its essays were delivered at a 1993 conference at the University of Virginia (discussed in the appendix). Pauline Maier’s book
American Scripture
(New York, 1997) raises questions about Jefferson’s role in writing the Declaration.

41. The top four in the C-Span survey were Lincoln, Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt.

BOOK SIX
: James Madison

A SHY GENIUS MAKES A CONQUEST

1. Irving Brant,
James Madison, The Nationalist
(Indianapolis, IN, 1948), vol. 2, 33.

2. Ibid., 17.

3. Ibid., 284.

4. Ralph
Ketcham, James Madison, A Biography
(Newtown, CT, 1971), 110.

5. TJ to JM, August 21, 1783, Smith, ed.,
The Republic of Letters
, 264.

6. JM to William Bradford, November 9, 1772, William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal et al., eds.,
The Papers of James Madison
(hereafter
PJM
), vol. 1, 74–76.

7. Carl Van Doren,
The Great Rehearsal, the Story of Making and Ratifying the Constitution of the United States
(New York, 1948), 37.

8. Katherine Anthony,
Dolley Madison, Her Life and Times
(New York, 1949), 74–75.

9. Irving Brant,
James Madison, Father of the Constitution, 1787–1800
(Indianapolis, IN, 1950), 343.

10. Richard N. Cote,
Strength and Honor, The Life of Dolley Madison
(Mt. Pleasant, SC, 2005), 109.

11. Catherine Coles to DM, June 1, 1794, David C. Mattern and Holly C. Schulman,
The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison
(Charlottesville, VA, 2003), 27–28.

12. Catherine Allgor,
A Perfect Union
(New York, 2006), 30–31. There is some disagreement about this advice from Mrs. Washington. Richard Cote dramatizes it as a face-to-face meeting. Whether it was advice in the mail or otherwise, Madison may well have enlisted Martha Washington. He knew her well from his many visits to Mount Vernon. She also knew Dolley, whose sister, as noted in the text, was about to marry a favorite nephew, George Steptoe Washington. Dolley lived only a few blocks away from the President’s House. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 115–16.

13. JM to DM, August 18, 1794, Mattern and Schulman, eds.,
Selected Letters
, 28–29.

14. DM to Eliza Collins Lee, September 16, 1794, ibid., 31.

PARTNERS IN FAME

1. Eric McKittrick and Stanley Elkins, “The Divided Mind of James Madison,”
The Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 133ff.

2. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 149.

3. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 54–56.

4. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 155–56.

5. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 386.

6. Sally McKean to DM, August 3, 1797,
Selected Letters
, 32.

7. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 387. General Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee, a Federalist opponent but an old Princetonian friend, made a similar remark. Congratulating
Madison on his marriage, he hoped Dolley would “soften…some of your political asperities.” (Anthony,
Dolley Madison
, 91).

8. Ibid., 408.

9. James Sterling Young,
The Washington Community, 1800–1828
(New York, 1966), 88–93.

10. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 73–74.

11. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 207–8.

12. Anthony,
Dolley Madison
, 104–6.

13. DM to Anna Cutts, May 22, 1805, Mattern and Schulman, eds.,
Selected Letters
.

14. Brant,
James Madison, Secretary of State
(Indianapolis, IN, 1953), 268.

15. DM to JM, October 30, 1805,
Selected Letters
, 68.

16. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 431.

17. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 159ff.

18. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 95.

19. DM to Anna Payne Cutts, June 4, 1805,
Selected Letters
, 61.

20. DM to JM, November 1, 1805,
Selected Letters
, 70.

21. Garry Wills,
James Madison
(New York, 2002), 54–55.

22. Anthony,
Dolley Madison
, 163.

23. Brant,
James Madison, Secretary of State
, 322.

24. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 133. The writer had a long and valued friendship with the late Margaret Truman Daniel, President Harry S. Truman’s daughter. He told her to pay no attention to anything said about him in the newspapers or on radio or television. She did so and lived a remarkably happy life.

25. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 250.

26. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 137.

27. Ibid., 139–40.

28. Virginia Moore,
The Madisons, A Biography
(New York, 1979), 223.

29. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 159ff.

30. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 144.

31. Ibid., 152.

32. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 477.