The Intimate Lives of the Founding Fathers (56 page)

33. Anthony,
Dolley Madison
, 196–97.

34. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 167.

35. Ibid., 171. It was not officially designated The White House until 1901.

36. Ketcham, 478.

37. DM to Anna Cutts, December 22, 1811,
Selected Letters
, 154.

38. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 193.

HOW TO SAVE A COUNTRY

1. Brant,
James Madison, Commander in Chief
(Indianapolis, IN, 1961), 157.

2. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 553–54.

3. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 291.

4. JM to DM, August 7 and 9, 1809,
Selected Letters
, 121–22.

5. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 311.

6. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 548, 570, 575.

7. DM to Lucy Payne Washington, August 23, 1814,
Selected Letters
, 193–94. There are several versions of rescuing Washington’s portrait. See Algor,
A Perfect Union
, 313–14. Dolley’s letter, portraying Carroll “in a very bad humor” waiting while the servants struggled with it, seems the most reliable.

8. Brant,
Madison, Commander in Chief
, 305–6. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 379. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 314–18.

9. JM to DM, August 28, 1814,
Selected Letters
, 195.

10. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 319.

11. Ibid., 328.

12. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 586.

13. Rutland,
James Madison
, 230.

14. DM to HG, January 14, 1815,
Selected Letters
, 195.

15. Moore,
The Madisons
, 342. “Impeach this man, if he deserves the name of man,” one Federalist newspaper shrilled, a few days before the good news arrived. Another paper declared, “His body is torpid and he is without feeling.”

16. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 319.

17. Ketcham,
James Madison
, 610–11.

18. DM to AC, April 3, 1818,
Selected Letters
, 228–29.

19. Ibid., DM to Sarah Coles Stevenson, February 1820, 238–39.

20. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 351.

21.
Selected Letters
, Introduction to “A Well Deserved Retirement,” 221.

22. Drew R. McCoy,
The Last of the Fathers, James Madison and the Republican Legacy
(New York, 1989), 144–51.

23. Ibid., 223.

24. Rutland,
James Madison
, 251. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 377. Paul Jennings,
A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison
, Electronic Edition, University of North Carolina Press.

25. MJR to DM, July 1, 1836,
Selected Letters
, 327.

26. Ibid., AJ to DM, July 9, 1836, 328.

27. Ibid., DM to ECL, 329–30.

28. Ibid., Introduction to “Washington Widow,” 317ff.

29. Ibid., 320.

30. Ibid., DM to Henry W. Moncure, August 12, 1844, 374.

31. Jennings,
A Colored Man’s Reminiscences
.

32. Ibid., Introduction, 324.

33. Allgor,
A Perfect Union
, 397.

34. Cote,
Strength and Honor
, 357.

APPENDIX:
T
HE
E
ROSION OF
J
EFFERSON’S
I
MAGE IN THE
A
MERICAN
M
IND

1. Peterson,
Jefferson Image
, 186. Also see “The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson, Race and Slavery in American Memory, 1943–1993” by Scott A. French and Edward L. Ayers, in
Jeffersonian Legacies
, Peter S. Onuf, ed. (Charlottesville, VA, 1993), 422–23.

2. Peterson,
Jefferson Image
, 187.

3. Winthrop Jordan,
White Over Black
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1968), 466.

4. Douglass Adair,
Fame and the Founding Fathers
, Trevor Colbourne, ed. (New York, 1974), 182–83.

5.
New York Review of Books
, vol. 21, no. 89, April 18, 1974.

6. French and Ayers, in
Jeffersonian Legacies
, Peter S. Onuf, ed., 432–33.

7. Peter Nicolaisen, “Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson and the Question of Race: An Ongoing Debate,”
Journal of American Studies
, vol. 37 (2003), 101.

8. “A Note on Evidence, The Personal History of Madison Hemings,” by Dumas Malone and Steven H. Hochman,
The Journal of Southern History
, November 1975, 527.

9. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
, 77–103, “The First Monticello,” by Rhys Isaac, 181–212; “Jefferson and Slavery,” by Paul Finkelman, 450; “The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson” (Cooley statement).

10. Mr. Burstein later changed his mind and wrote
Jefferson’s Secrets, Death and Desire at Monticello
(New York, 2005).

11. Joseph A. Ellis,
American Sphinx, The Character of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1997), 219. Dr. Eugene Foster’s DNA tests changed Ellis’s mind. In the same issue of
Nature
that published Foster’s results, Ellis wrote an article in collaboration with MIT geneticist Eric Lander declaring that the report “seems to seal the case” that Sally Hemings was Jefferson’s concubine.

12. Pauline E. Maier,
American Scripture, Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1997), Introduction, xx-xxi. For quotation, 99. The entire chapter “Mr. Jefferson and His Editors” (97–153) convincingly makes this “work of many” case. Elsewhere in her introduction, Maier states that she has no animus against Jefferson but admits she once nominated him as “the most overrated person in American history” for an
American Heritage
survey. Her reason was “the extraordinary adulation (and sometimes, execration) he has received” (xvii).

13. The biographers include the writer of this book, who published
The Man From Monticello, An Intimate Biography
, in 1969.

14. Annette Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, an American Controversy
(Charlottesville, VA, 1997), 34–35. In 2008, Gordon-Reed published
The Hemingses of Monticello, An American Family
. The book won a National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize. The narrative explores the lives of Sally Hemings and the other members of the Hemings family in elaborate detail. But there is little new information about Sally. From the first page, Gordon-Reed assumes that Jefferson was the father of all her children and had a four-decade-long relationship with her. Antipaternity historians have severely attacked the book. At a press conference in Richmond, Virginia, on April 13, 2009, Jefferson’s 266th birthday, they insisted that the case against him remains unproved.

Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.

Adair, Douglas, 410–11, 415–16

Adams, Abigail “Nabby,”
see
Smith, Abigail Adams “Nabby”

Adams, Abigail Smith, 125–205

in Braintree, Mass., 143–49, 153, 155–56, 162–63, 166

death of, 202–3

farm managed by, 136, 137, 139, 155, 162–63, 165

as First Lady, 178, 179, 180–81, 182, 183–92, 255, 381

as grandmother, 167–68, 194, 202

health of, 185–88, 194, 202–3

Jefferson’s relationship with, 294, 296, 299, 304–5, 316–17

John Adam’s courtship of, 129–31

John Adams’s correspondence with, xv, 59, 130–38, 142–45, 148–49, 151–57, 175–76, 181, 185, 187, 245, 369

John Adams’s marriage to, xv, xvi, 131–205, 358

John Adams’s temporary estrangement from, 143–45, 148–49, 154–55

in London, 156–61, 163, 167–68, 299, 304–5, 317

Martha Washington as viewed by, 37, 45, 169–70

moral values of, 157–58, 166–67, 371

as mother, 134, 136, 137, 159–61, 166–67, 170–72, 173, 192, 194, 197–98, 199, 200, 201–2, 316

Peacefield home of, 175–76, 199–201, 203

personality of, 129–31, 137, 148–49, 166–67, 185–88, 381

in Philadelphia, 170, 173, 178, 179–85, 187, 189–91, 192, 230

political views of, 130, 132–53, 146, 178, 179, 180–81, 183, 187, 189–90, 196, 296

in Quincy, Mass., 175–76, 185–88, 191–92, 193, 203

reputation of, 147, 169–70, 181–82

social life of, 47, 169–70, 180, 196–97, 371

transatlantic voyage of, 156–57

wedding of, 131

women’s rights as viewed by, 130, 132–35, 196

Adams, Charles, 134, 135, 150, 151–54, 156, 160–61, 163, 166, 168, 169–70, 171, 174–75, 180, 188, 192–93, 316

Adams, George Washington, 202

Adams, John, 125–205

Abigail Adams’s correspondence with, xv, 59, 130–38, 142–45, 148–49, 151–57, 175–76, 181, 185, 187, 245, 369

as ambassador to England, 158–61, 168–69, 294

Anti-Federalist opposition to, 164–65, 172, 177–78, 182, 184–85, 371–72

autobiography of, 193, 194

biographies of, 127

birth of, 126

in Braintree, Mass., 126–27, 138, 139, 149–50, 162–65

as British peace negotiator, 149–52, 154, 158–61, 195

cabinet of, 52, 177–78, 187–90, 239

as commissioner to France, 139–49, 195, 293

at Constitutional Convention (1787), 161, 415

in Continental Congress, 125–26, 132, 134, 135–38, 139, 140, 144, 146, 148, 149–50, 152, 153, 158, 161, 280, 282

death of, 205, 325, 403

diaries of, 127, 128, 132, 143

education of, 127, 128, 129

family dynasty of, 167–68, 170–71

farm owned by, 136, 137, 138, 139, 162–63, 165

as father, 134, 136, 137, 139, 150, 151–56, 159–61, 163, 170–71, 192, 194, 197–201

as Federalist leader, 164–65, 168, 176, 177–78, 182, 184–89, 374

final years of, 194–205

financial situation of, 136, 138–39, 146, 150, 158, 160, 163, 166, 170, 173

Franklin’s relationship with, 103, 114–15, 126, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153, 154, 157–58, 162, 181, 185, 195

French delegation commissioned by, 180–83, 188–89, 191

French policy of, 52, 169, 178–89, 191, 193, 245

general correspondence of, xv, 103, 143, 152, 154, 160–61, 163, 174, 185, 187–88, 195–96, 199, 201, 203–4

as grandfather, 167–68, 194, 202

Hamilton’s relationship with, 164–65, 168, 177–78, 183–84, 185, 189–92, 193, 238, 239, 245, 253, 382

health of, 131, 154

inauguration of, 178

Jefferson’s relationship with, 169, 176, 177–78, 179, 182, 185, 186, 190–92, 193, 195, 205, 245, 278, 280, 282, 308, 316–17, 352, 371

as lawyer, 127, 128, 129, 130, 138–39, 158, 163

love affairs of, 127–29, 204–5

marriage of, xv, xvi, 131–205, 358

military policies of, 179, 183–89, 190, 193, 245

monarchist accusations against, 162, 165–66, 180, 181, 195

moral values of, 126, 130, 132, 142–43, 163–64, 168, 296

naval policy of, 178–81, 183, 193

as New Englander, 125–26, 135, 164, 177

in Paris, 139, 141, 142–45, 148–52, 157–58, 159, 163, 169, 293

personality of, xiv, 125–31, 134–38, 144–45, 148–49, 154, 155–56, 167, 171, 181, 185, 187–88, 195–97, 202, 204–5

in Philadelphia, 125–26, 137–38, 170–88, 189, 190–91, 192, 230, 371–72

physical appearance of, 126, 130, 168–69

political career of, xv, 125–26, 127, 132, 139, 149–59, 161, 162, 163–76, 179, 182–92, 197, 371–72

as president, 52, 176, 177–92, 197, 239, 255, 310, 371–72, 374, 386

as presidential candidate (1796), 163–65, 177–78, 181, 371

as presidential candidate (1800), 190–92, 245, 382

as president of the Senate, 165, 168–69, 172

press coverage of, 158–59, 168–69, 180–81, 182, 183, 184, 191–92, 310

puritanism of, 126, 130, 142–43, 296

in Quincy, Mass., 185–88, 191–92, 193, 253

Republican opposition to, 177, 179, 182–83, 185, 190–92, 193, 245, 371–72

reputation of, 125–26, 128, 132, 139–40, 150–51, 152, 153, 154, 158–59, 162, 164–69, 171, 179, 180–85, 194–97, 205, 310

as revolutionary leader, 125–26, 132, 133–35, 139, 158, 162, 194–97, 415

salary of, 136, 139, 150, 160, 170

Samuel Adams’s relationship with, 125–26, 142, 143

sedition laws supported by, 183, 184–85

social life of, 130, 169–70, 180, 374, 386

speeches of, 126, 180–81, 192

as vice president, 164–76, 181, 197

Washington’s relationship with, 34, 52, 125–26, 131, 168, 169, 173, 179, 180, 181–82, 189

women’s rights as viewed by, 133–35

writings of, 162, 169

Adams, John, Sr., 126–27

Adams, John Quincy:

as ambassador to the Netherlands, 172, 186, 399

in Boston, 171, 199, 200

childhood of, 134, 135, 139

diaries of, 167, 325, 374

financial situation of, 175, 180, 181

at Harvard, 158, 160, 163, 166, 167

marriage of, 180, 199, 201–4, 404

in Paris, 141, 145, 149, 150, 151, 152

political career of, 172, 173, 202

as president, 325

as secretary of state, 203–4

Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson, 180, 201–4, 404

Adams, Sally Smith, 174, 188, 192–93, 199–200

Adams, Samuel, 33, 34, 94, 125–26, 142, 143, 146, 151, 278–79

Adams, Susanna Boylston, xiv, 127, 163, 175, 178

Adams, Thomas, 134, 135, 156, 160, 161, 163, 166–67, 170–71, 192, 193, 200

Addison, Joseph, 11, 262

Alden, John, 126

Alden, Priscilla, 126

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 184–85, 191, 310, 402

Allen, Janet, 68

Allen, Moses, 359

Allen, William “Foghorn,” 333

Ambler, Jacquelin, 263

American Revolution,
see
War for Independence

American Scripture
(Maier), 415

American Sphinx
(Ellis), 414

Andrews, Tina, 340

Anglican Church, 74, 94, 211, 215–16, 362, 369

Anti-Federalists, 45, 164–65, 172, 175, 176, 177–78, 182, 184–85, 371–72

Arnold, Benedict, 153, 283–84, 323

Articles of Confederation (1781), 118, 224, 304, 357, 364

Atherton, Gertrude, 215

Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 49, 93–94, 100, 106, 116–17, 118, 180–81, 182, 184, 243

Bache, Richard, 93–94, 101, 106–7

Bache, Sarah Franklin “Sally,” 78, 86–87, 92, 93–94, 99–100, 101, 106, 107–8, 116, 118

Bacon, Edmund, 340, 349, 410, 415–16

Bacon, Francis, 52

Bankhead, Anne Cary Randolph, 318, 319, 323

Bankhead, Charles, 323

Bank of the United States, 46, 47, 229–30, 232–33, 366, 388

Barber, Francis, 215

Barger, Herbert, 337

Bassett, Burwell, 30, 36, 41

Bassett, Fanny, 44, 47

Bassett, Nancy, 36, 44

Bayard, William, 250–51

Beckley, John, 236–37, 239, 252, 253

Beckman, David, 211

Bell, Thomas, 313

Bennett, Winifred, 336–37

Bible, 199, 237, 238, 323

Bill of Rights, 365

Bingham, Anne, 237, 371

Bingham, Marie, 371

Bingham, William, 237

Black Reconstruction
(Du Bois), 409

Bland, Martha, 355

Bland, Theodorick, 355

Bland, William, 264

Blunt, Dolley, 97–98

Boston, Mass., 32–33, 34, 58, 74, 82–83, 95, 125, 132–33, 137, 147–48, 161, 162, 171, 187, 199, 200, 360

Boston Gazette
, 310–11

Boston Tea Party (1773), 32–33, 95, 360

Boucher, Jonathan, 26–27, 32

Boudinot, Elias, 215, 216

Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 359

Bradford, William, 360, 361

Bridge, James, 171

Brillon de Jouy, Madame, 104–6, 108–9, 114, 116, 117, 120–21, 143, 229, 422
n

British East India Company, 33, 298

Brodie, Fawn, 351, 411–12, 415

Bryan, William Jennings, 335

Bryant, Linda Allen, 68–70

Bunker Hill, Battle of, 59, 217

Burr, Aaron, 177, 234, 239, 240, 247–51, 253, 319, 366–67, 373

Burwell, Rebecca, 261–63, 264

Bush, George W., 341–42

Butler, Pierce, 253

Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-George, 109, 110, 117, 143

Caesar, Julius, 274, 365

Callender, James Thomson, 49, 190–91, 239–41, 252, 310–15, 329, 337, 338, 345, 347, 349, 351, 410, 414

Calvert, Benedict, 27–28

Canada, 83–84, 140, 261, 385, 388, 396

Carr, Dabney, 265–66, 268, 274, 291, 333

Carr, Martha Jefferson, 265–66, 288, 289

Carr, Peter, 276, 295–96, 337, 338, 340, 349–50, 410

Carr, Samuel, 337, 338, 340, 349, 410

Carroll, Charles, 392–93

Carroll, Henry, 397–98

Carter, Charles, 22

Carter, Robert “King,” 8, 22, 261

Cary, Mary, 4

Cary, Robert, 23, 24

Cary, Sarah “Sally,” xiii, 3–5, 6, 7, 22, 32, 33–34, 53–54, 58

Cary, Wilson, 6

Catholics, 105, 252, 294, 297, 305

Cato
(Addison), 11

Charles II, King of England, 6, 9

Chase, Samuel, 191

Chase-Riboud, Barbara, 412–13

Church, Angelica Schuyler, 220–21, 225–29, 231, 237, 242, 243, 247, 251

Church, John Barker, 220–21, 225, 243

Cincinnati
Daily Commercial
, 63–64, 65

Civil War, U.S., 203–4, 328–30, 335, 348, 416

Clay, Henry, 385

Clayford, John, 60, 61

Clingman, Jacob, 234–35, 236, 239, 240

Clinton, DeWitt, 386–87, 395

Clinton, George, 225, 228, 248, 253, 374, 381–82, 386

Clotel, or the President’s Daughter
, 329

Cockburn, George, 390, 393

Coercive Acts (1774), 33

Coke, Edward, 262, 275, 360

Colden, Cadwallader, 365

Colden, Henrietta Maria, 365–66

Coles, Catherine, 367

Coles, Isaac, 367

Coles, Sally, 398

College of New Jersey (Princeton College), 51, 99, 214, 215, 358–61, 362, 405

College of William and Mary, 261, 268–69, 281, 346, 358, 362–63

Collins, Eliza, 367, 368, 404, 407

Columbia College, 215–17

“Common Sense” (Paine), 280

Condorcet, Marquis de, 293

Congress, U.S., 46, 165–69, 172, 176, 178–79, 182–87, 189, 192, 193, 200, 202, 228, 229, 231, 234, 235–42, 244, 318, 331, 365, 383, 385, 386, 396, 397, 402, 405

Conqueror, The
(Atherton), 215

Constitution, U.S., 45, 164, 165, 168, 185, 191, 224–25, 245–46, 304, 309, 310, 314, 364–65, 371, 397, 401–2, 413, 427
n

Constitutional Convention (1787), xvi, 118–19, 161, 304, 364–65, 415

Continental Army, 34–37, 41–43, 57, 63, 64, 107, 108, 112, 125–26, 132–33, 136, 138, 154, 159, 160, 217–18, 220, 222–23, 230, 234–35, 283, 286, 364

Continental Congress, 33, 34, 39, 42–43, 58–59, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103, 106, 112, 125–26, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141–42, 144, 146, 148, 149–50, 152, 153, 158, 161, 218, 220, 277–81, 282, 287, 289, 292–93, 294, 355–58, 361, 363, 415

Cooley-Quille, Michele, 342, 343

Coolidge, Ellen Randolph, 319–20, 324, 327

Coolidge, Joseph, 324

Cooper, Myles, 29, 31, 216–17

Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, 41

Cosway, Maria, 297–302

Cosway, Richard, 297, 298, 301

Craik, James, 13, 41–42, 55–56, 57

Cranch, Mary Smith, 129, 155, 156, 159, 167, 169, 170, 179, 181–82, 184, 189, 192, 199

Cranch, Richard, 129, 170, 199

Cruger, Nicholas, 211, 212–15

Custis, Daniel Parke, 4–5, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21–22