The Invisible Handcuffs of Capitalism: How Market Tyranny Stifles the Economy by Stunting Workers (56 page)

sweatshops,
110

Sweden,
217
,
254
–55

Swift, Jonathan,
202

Taco Bell,
111

Tax, Sol,
141

tax cuts, for the rich,
29
,
33
,
135

Taylor, Frederick Winslow,
23
,
112
,
245

corporate bureaucracy and,
248

as foreman in machine shop,
224

scientific management and,
22
,
93
–94,
95

technology,
61
,
69

driving forces for development of,
269
–70

economic theory and,
63
–64

guard labor and,
252
,
253
,
260

human development and,
283
,
309

information,
251
,
269

labor-saving,
27
,
32
–33,
91
,
207

Smith’s understanding of,
162
,
166
,
171
–72,
193

social relations and,
223
,
224
,
225

waste and,
249

Temple, William,
125

Thaler, Richard,
104
–7

Thatcher, Margaret,
21
,
27
,
128
,
142
,
300
–301,
306

Theory of Moral Sentiments
(Smith),
152
,
297

Thirsk, Joan,
32

Thompson, Edward P.,
178

Thomson, Thomas,
152

TINA (“there is no alternative”),
27
,
128
,
142
,
300
,
301
,
306

Tobin, James,
207
,
211
,
212

Tonak, Erugrul Ahmet,
211

Toossie, Mitra,
128

Toyota,
234
,
255
–56

trusts,
68

TRW Inc.,
258

Twain, Mark,
122

Twilight of Sovereignty, The
(Wriston),
143
–44

unemployment,
11
,
59
,
111
,
265
–66,
285
,
307

“Electronic Herd” and,
146

Federal Reserve and,
37
,
38
,
49

increase in minimum wage and,
80

intentional creation of,
17
,
41
–42

lethal effects of,
51
–52,
53

as preference for leisure,
118

psychological toll of,
46
–47

workers’ bargaining power and,
33

Union Carbide,
59

unions,
38
,
41
,
91
,
273

Communication Workers of America (CWA),
246

demands for shorter working hours and,
122

Federal Reserve and,
43
–44

fights for better wages by,
109

improvement of working conditions and,
86

in New Deal era,
89

peak years of,
131

workplace safety and,
60

United Automobile Workers,
131
,
228

United Farm Workers Union,
299

United States,
85
,
147
,
254
,
310

automobile industry,
35
–36,
131
–32,
226
–28

cannery industry,
92
–93

criminal justice system,
257
–58

German working conditions compared with,
214
–15

government subsidies to industry,
140

Human Development Index ranking,
217
,
218

imperial control by,
139

industrial disasters in,
59

railroads,
64
–65,
73
,
140
,
146

slavery in,
141
,
157
–58

wages in,
31

Uruguay,
26

utility,
33
,
69
,
71
–72,
95

GDP and,
209
,
210

maximization of,
85
,
118
,
210

value,
62
,
274

consumer preferences and,
194

exchange-value,
313

labor theory of,
66
,
191
–92,
198

utility and,
69
,
196

Vanek, Jaroslav,
306
–7

Veblen, Thorstein,
16

Venezuela,
138
,
139
,
295
–96

Verizon,
246

Vidal, Gore,
219

Viner, Jacob,
149
,
189

Volcker, Paul,
40
,
43
–44,
260
,
263

wages,
11
,
198

decrease in real wages,
31
,
41

minimum wage,
80
,
81
,
94

probability of workplace mortality and,
105

profits in relation to,
194

stagnation of,
27

of traumatized workers,
48

treated as part of voluntary transaction,
79

Walker, Francis Amasa,
73
–74

Wall Street,
30
,
229
,
231

Wall Street Journal,
31
,
43
,
81
,
235
,
261

Body Count website,
53

on leisure activities of executives,
300

propaganda for extending years of work,
127

Wal-Mart,
30
,
270
,
273

Walras, Leon,
68

Warmley works,
169
–70,
171

Watson, Bill,
33
–37,
94
,
130
,
132
,
238
,
240
,
306

Watt, James,
161
,
171

Wealth of Nations, The
(Smith),
149
–54,
160
,
162
–63,
187

on division of labor in pin factory,
165

on labor theory of value,
191
–92

on technology,
171

on volunteerism,
183

Weber, Carl Maria von,
290

Weber, Max,
23
,
26

Wedderburn, Alexander,
152

welfare,
51
,
98
,
155

Wells, H. G.,
308

Wilkinson, John,
160

Wilkinson, Richard,
52

Wolfensohn, James,
217
–18

women, in labor force,
120
,
207

Woodward, Bob,
39
,
48
,
261

Woolf, Virginia,
305
–6

work,
9
,
96
–97

as absence of leisure,
17
,
18
,
192

degradation of,
179
–80

early economists on nature of,
62
–63

household,
203
,
205
,
207
–8,
211
–12

marginalized in economic theory,
117

mechanization of,
92
–93

pleasant and unpleasant,
298
–300

social relations of,
223
–25

technology and,
32
–33

years of work extended,
125
–29

work, hours of,
119
–20,
129

economists on length of working day,
122
–25

in France,
145
–46,
147

Keynes’s view of,
288

labor-saving technology and,
27

workers,
9
,
17
,
114
,
150

in automobile industry,
33
–36

battle to limit hours of work,
122

blamed for business miscalculations,
90
–91

as
consumers,
18
,
118
–19,
194
,
274

education of,
114
,
125
–26,
181
,
186
,
256

as human capital,
57

as interchangeable machine parts,
191
,
192

knowledge of,
164
,
165
,
193
,
223
–24

layoffs of,
31
,
232

lethal costs of discipline to,
51
–54

as objects in labor market,
89
,
108
–10

skilled,
92
,
223
–24

Smith’s antagonism toward,
177
–80,
191
–92,
198

social relations and,
11

state repression of,
66

subtle resistance by,
242
–48

traumatized by threat of unemployment,
47
–50,
275

unskilled,
41
.
See also
labor

working conditions,
10
,
11
,
85
,
182

behavioral economics and,
104
–7

for child laborers,
125
,
126

demands for better conditions,
39

economic theory and,
94
–98

economists’ neglect of,
14
,
54
,
56
,
117
–20,
151
,
212

“Electronic Herd” and,
146

GDP and,
19

improvement of,
86
–87