The Lessons of History (13 page)

55.
Gomme, A. W.,
The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries
B.C.
,
21, 26, 47;
Life of Greece,
254.

56.
Thucydides,
Peloponnesian War,
iii 10;
Life of Greece,
284.

57.
Plato,
The Republic,
Nos. 56064.

58.
lbid,
No. 422.

59.
Aristotle,
Politics,
No. 1310.

60.
Isocrates,
Works,
“Archidamus,” No. 67.

61.
This paragraph has been copied from
The Life of Greece,
46466.

62.
Caesar and Christ,
128–30.

63.
Ibid.

CHAPTER XI

64.
Our Oriental Heritage,
446.

65.
Caesar and Christ,
218.

66.
In Seebohm,
The Age of Johnson,
xiii.

CHAPTER XII

67.
Our Oriental Heritage, I.

68.
See
The Mansions of Philosophy,
355; Toynbee,
A Study of History,
IV, 27f.

69.
Quoted from Bazard's
Exposition de la doctrine Saint-Simonienne,
in Toynbee, I, 199.

70.
Spengler,
Decline of the West, 1
353, 90, 38.

71.
This is the initial theory of Toynbee's
Study of History,
I, 271f.

CHAPTER XIII

72.
This section appropriates some passages from an essay on the same subject in
The Mansions of Philosophy.

73.
Anon, in Bagehot,
Physics and Politics,
110.

74.
Ecclesiastes, i, 18.

75.
Lane, Edward,
Manners and Customs of
the Modern Egyptians,
II, 66.

76.
Our Oriental Heritage,
237.

77.
Todd,
Theories of Social Progress,
135.

78.
Siegfried, André,
America Comes of Age,
176.

79.
Rousseau and Revolution,
Ch. II, Sec. iii, William Coxe,
History of the House of Austria,
III, 379.

*
We should add that some historians consider the age of the Antonines as an unsuccessful “rally” in the decay of Rome. See Arnold J. Toynbee,
A Study of History
(London, 1934 f.), IV, 60.

*
See Taine's unforgettable description in
The French Revolution
(New York, 1931), II, 209–33.

Index

Dates in parentheses following a name are of birth and death except when preceded by r., when they indicate duration of reign for popes and rulers of states. A single date preceded by
ft.
denotes a
floruit.
A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. All dates are
A.D.
unless otherwise noted.

Abélard, Pierre (1079–1142),
53

Achaeans,
27

Actium,
57

Aeschines (389–314
B.C.
),
100

Aeschylus (525–456
B.C.
),
97

Africa,
30
,
84

agriculture,
16
–17, 110

     mechanization, technological advances,
22
,
54
,
58

     a stage in economic history,
37
,
38
,
39
,
41
,
47
,
88

     state ownership or control of,
59
–64
passim

airplane, impact on civilization,
16

Alcibiades (c. 450–404
B.C.
), 39,
99

Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (r. 336–323
B.C.
), 12

Alexandria,
60

Alpine peoples,
27
,
28

America,
28
,
39
,
40
,
53
,
94

     contemporary painting in,
97

     progress in,
97–
99

     
see also
N
ORTH
A
MERICA

     S
OUTH
A
MERICA

     U
NITED
S
TATES

American Revolution,
76

Amon, religion of,
49

Anabaptists,
65

anarchism,
65

Angkor Wat,
29

Angles,
27
,
30

Anglican Church,
50

Anglo-Saxon law,
76

Anglo-Saxons in America,
23
,
27
,
31
,
48

Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome (r. 138–161),
69

Antony, Mark (83–30
B.C.
),
39
,
56
–57

Arabs,
97

architecture,
97

Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556),
40

Argos,
75

Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533),
40

aristocracy,
70
–71,
75
,
76
,
82

     and French Revolution,
57

     and government,
70
,
73
,
75
,
76
,
90

     and the arts,
70
,
73
,
78

Aristophanes (450?–385
B.C.
),
100

Aristotle (384–322
B.C.
),
74
,
93

art and artists,
29
,
31
,
70
–71,
78
,
95

     of Periclean Athens,
73

     an aspect of civilization,
87
,
97
,
100
,
102

Aryan race,
25
–28
passim

Ashoka, King of Magadha (r. 273–232
B.C.
),
82
,
84

Asia,
15
,
53
,
84
,
90
,
96

Asia Minor,
27
,
29

Assyria,
29
,
40

atheism,
49
,
50

Athens,
27
,
29
,
73
,
100

     democracy of,
26
,
73
–75,
79
,
99

     class war in,
55
–56,
73

     and Peloponnesian War,
27
,
73

Atlantic Ocean,
16

Attica,
27
,
72
,
99

Augsburg,
54

Augustus, Caius Octavius, Emperor of Rome (r. 27
B.C-A.D.
14),
23
,
76
,
82
,
100

     and war,
39
,
52
–53,
57
,
60
,
82
,
84
–85

     and conquest of Egypt,
52
–53,
60

     and Pax Romana,
57
,
69
,
86

Aurelius, Marcus,
see
M
ARCUS
A
URELIUS
A
NTONINUS

Austerlitz,
65

Australia,
28
,
84
,
97

Austria,
15

Aztecs,
28

Babylonia,
29
,
44
,
59

Bach, Johann Christian (1735–82),
41

Bacon, Francis (1561–1626),
46
–47,
95

Balkans, the,
27
,
29

bankers and banking,
53
,
54
,
59
,
74
,
91

Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706),
47

Berkeley, George (1685–1753),
16

Bernhardi, Friedrich von (1849–1930),
26

Bible,
24
,
29
,
47
,
60
,
64

biology and history,
18
–24,
46

birth control,
22
–23,
38
,
39
,
52

birth rate,
21
,
22
,
23
,
28
,
83
,
101

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98),
68

Black, Joseph (1728–99),
41

Boswell, James (1740–95),
41

Brazil,
16

Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62),
15

Buddha (563?–?483
B.C.
),
49
,
53

Burke, Edmund (1729–97),
71
,
85
,
100

Caesar, Caius Julius (100–44
B.C.
),
21
,
23
,
39
,
56
,
69
,
76

Cairo,
97

Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus). Emperor of Rome (r. 37–41),
69

Calvin, John (1509–64),
20
,
23

Canada,
22
,
79

Canossa,
45

capitalism and capitalists,
47
,
48
,
54
,
58
–59,
65
,
66
,
67
,
83

Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881),
34

Carthage,
29

caste system,
27

Catholicism,
23
,
24
,
47
,
49

     
see also
R
OMAN
C
ATHOLIC
C
HURCH

Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina 108?–62
B.C.
),
56

Celts,
30

Central America,
15

Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927),
26

character and history,
32
–36

Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814), Emperor of the West (r. 800–814),
28

Charles Martel (688?–741),
82

Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of (1708–1778),
100

Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard (1763–94),
49

Chephren (or Khafre), King of Egypt r. c. 2850
B.C.
),
97

China,
15
,
16
,
28
,
61
,
62
–63,
85

Christianity,
29
,
46
,
47
,
50
,
93

Churchill, Winston (1874–1965),
35

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43
B.C.
),
56

Cimmerians,
27

civilization,
13
,
17
,
20
,
41
,
54
,
88
,
97
,
100
,
101

     climate and,
15

     airplane's effect on,
16

     birth rate and,
21

     race and,
25
,
26
,
28
–31

     growth and decay of,
41
,
87
,
88
,
91
–94

     war and,
42
,
81
,
82

     definition of,
87

     Spengler's view of,
89
–90

classes,
34
,
55
–56

     conflict between,
36
,
43
,
52
–53,
62
–63,
69
,
73
,
75
,
79
,
92

Cleland, John (fl. c. 1749),
40

Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (r. 51–49, 48–30
B.C.
),
52

climate and history,
14
,
15
,
30
,
92

Clovis I, King of the Franks (r. 481–511),
28

Columbus, Christopher (1446?–1506),
16

Commodus, Lucius Aelius Aurelius, Emperor of Rome (r. 180–192),
69

Communism,
54
,
64
–65,
83
–84

     and religion,
43
,
48
,
49
,
51
,
64
–65

     in Russia,
65
–66,
83

     in Europe,
84
,
89

Communist Manifesto,
65

competition,
18
,
70
,
81
,
86
,
92
,
95

     first biological lesson of history,
19
,
20
,
21

     as a spur to capitalist achievement,
58
,
59
,
66

Compte, Auguste (1798–1857),
88

Concordat of 1807,
49

Confucius (551–479
B.C.
),
97

Constantine I the Great, Emperor of Rome (r. 306?–337),
45

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543),
46

Corcyra (Corfu),
73

Cowper, William (1731–1800),
12

Crete,
27
,
29

Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of England (r. 1653–58),
65

Crotona, Greek colony at,
29

Crusades, the,
28
,
53