The Making of the Mind: The Neuroscience of Human Nature (37 page)

13
. Ibid., p. 284.

14
. M. A. Conway, “A Structural Model of Autobiographical Memory.” In
Theoretical Perspectives on Autobiographical Memory
, eds. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, and W. A. Wagenaar (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1992), pp. 167–93.

15
. D. Stephen Lindsay et al., “True Photographs and False Memories,”
Psychological Science
15 (2004): 150–53.

16
. Michael S. Gazzaniga,
The Mind's Past
(Berkeley, University of California Press, 1998), p. 145.

17
. Ibid., p. 146.

18
. Karl K. Szpunar, Jason M. Watson, and Kathleen B. McDermott, “Neural Substrates of Envisioning the Future,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
104 (January 2007): 645.

19
. Ibid., p. 644.

20
. Ibid.

21
. Ibid., p. 645.

22
. Randy L. Buckner, Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna, and Daniel L. Schacter, “The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1124 (2008): 5.

23
. Ibid., pp. 18–19.

24
. Marcia K. Johnson, “Memory and Reality,”
American Psychologist
61 (November 2006): 760.

25
. Ibid., p. 762.

26
. Ibid., p. 765.

27
. Nicholas P. Spanos,
Multiple Identities and False Memories: A Sociocognitive Perspective
(Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1996), pp. 77–79.

28
. Ibid., pp. 98–103.

29
. Elizabeth F. Loftus and Katherine Ketcham,
The Myth of Repressed Memory
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), p. 26.

30
. Daniel M. Bernstein and Elizabeth F. Loftus, “How to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or False,”
Perspectives on Psychological Science
4 (2009): 371.

31
. Kellogg,
Cognitive Psychology
, p. 200.

32
. Loftus and Ketcham,
The Myth of Repressed Memory
, p. 58.

33
. Spanos,
Multiple Identities and False Memories
, p. 117.

34
. Giuliana A. L. Mazzoni, Elizabeth L. Loftus, and Irving Kirsch, “Changing Beliefs about Implausible Autobiographical Events: A Little Implausibility Goes a Long Way,”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
7 (2001): 57.

35
. Spanos,
Multiple Identities and False Memories
, pp. 119–27.

36
. T. D. Borkovec, William J. Ray, and Joachim Stöber, “Worry: A Cognitive Phenomenon Intimately Linked to Affective, Physiological, and Interpersonal Problems,”
Cognitive Therapy and Research
22 (1998): 562–63.

37
. Constantine Sedikides, Tim Wildschut, Jamie Arndt, and Clay Routledge, “Nostalgia: Past, Present, and Future,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
17 (2008): 305.

38
. Ibid.

39
. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Blair E. Wisco, and Sonja Lyubomirsky, “Rethinking Rumination,”
Perspectives on Psychological Science
3 (2008): 400.

CHAPTER 7. EMOTIONS

1
. Antonio R. Damasio,
The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness
(New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999), pp. 59–62.

2
. Ibid., pp. 53–55.

3
. Carl Izard, “Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues,”
Annual Review of Psychology
60 (2009): 15.

4
. Richard S. Lazarus, “Thoughts on the Relation between Emotion and Cognition,”
American Psychologist
37 (1982): 1023.

5
. Ibid., p. 1024.

6
. Joseph E. LeDoux, “Emotion, Memory, and the Brain,”
Scientific American
12, no. 1 (2002): pp. 64–70.

7
. Ibid., p. 69.

8
. Ibid.

9
. Ibid., p. 70.

10
. Joseph E. LeDoux, “Emotion Circuits in the Brain,”
Annual Review of Neuroscience
23 (2000): 175.

11
. T. D. Borkovec, William J. Ray, and Joachim Stöber, “Worry: A Cognitive Phenomenon Intimately Linked to Affective, Physiological, and Interpersonal Problems,”
Cognitive Therapy and Research
22 (1998): 562–63.

12
. Anthony Charuvastra and Marylene Cloitre,” Social Bonds and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,”
Annual Review of Psychology
59 (2008): 304.

13
. Thomas Childers,
Soldier from the War Returning: The Greatest Generation's Troubled Homecoming from World War II
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), p. 17.

14
. Ibid., pp. 254–74.

15
. Ibid., p. 135.

16
. John L. Cotton, “A Review of Research on Schacter's Theory of Emotion and the Misattribution of Arousal,”
European Journal of Social Psychology
11 (1981): 366.

17
. Ibid., p. 374.

18
. Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathan D. Brown, “Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health,”
Psychological Bulletin
103 (1988): 193.

19
. Jutta Joorman, “Cognitive Inhibition and Emotion Regulation in Depression,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
19 (2010): 161–63.

20
. Thomas F. Oltmanns and Robert E. Emery,
Abnormal Psychology
, 4th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2004), pp. 83–84.

21
. Elizabeth A. Phelps, “Emotion and Cognition: Insights from the Study of the Human Amygdala,”
Annual Review of Psychology
2006: 44–45.

22
. Ibid., p. 44.

23
. Sara W. Lazar et al., “Functional Brain Mapping of the Relaxation Response and Meditation,”
NeuroReport
11, no. 7 (2000): 1582.

24
. Ibid.

25
. Herbert Benson and William Proctor,
Relaxation Revolution: Enhancing Your Personal Health through the Science and Genetics of Mind-Body Healing
(New York: Scribner, 2010), p. 9.

26
. Antoine Lutz, Heleen A. Slagter, John D. Dunne, and Richard J. Davidson, “Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation,”
Trends in Cognitive Science
12, no. 4 (2008): 163.

27
. Shelley E. Taylor,
Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind
(New York: Basic Books, 1989), pp. 115–20.

28
. Ibid., p. 119.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Donald D. Price, Damien G. Finniss, and Fabrizio Benedetti, “A Comprehensive Review of the Placebo Effect: Recent Advances and Current Thought,”
Annual Review of Psychology
59 (2008): 568–69.

31
. Steven E. Hyman, Robert C. Malenka, and Eric J. Nestler, “Neural Mechanisms of Addiction: The Role of Reward-Related Learning and Memory,”
Annual Review of Neuroscience
32 (2006): 571–72.

32
. George F. Koop and Michel Le Moal, “Addiction and the Brain Antireward System,”
Annual Review of Psychology
59 (2008): 32.

33
. Terry E. Robinson and Kent C. Berridge, “Addiction,”
Annual Review of Psychology
54 (2003): 34.

34
. Eva Kemps and Marika Tiggemann, “A Cognitive Experimental Approach to Understanding and Reducing Food Cravings,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
19 (2010): 86.

35
. Ibid., p. 87.

36
. Christine Harris, “The Evolution of Jealousy,”
American Scientist
92 (2004): 62.

37
. Ibid., p. 66.

38
. Christine R. Harris, “A Review of Sex Differences in Sexual Jealousy, Including Self-Report Data, Psychophysiological Responses, Interpersonal Violence, and Morbid Jealousy,”
Personality and Social Psychology Review
7 (2003): 115.

39
. Harris, “Evolution of Jealousy,” p. 70.

CHAPTER 8. THE SOCIAL MIND

1
. John Bartlett,
Familiar Quotations: A Collection of Passages, Phrases, and Proverbs Traced to Their Source in Ancient and Modern Literature
, 16th ed., ed. Justin Kaplan (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1992), p. 231.

2
. Gregory Carey,
Human Genetics for the Social Sciences
(Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2003), p. 237.

3
. Roy F. Baumeister and Mark R. Leary, “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation,”
Psychological Bulletin
117 (1995): 497.

4
. Ibid., p. 503.

5
. Naomi I. Eisenberger, Matthew D. Lieberman, and Kipling D. Williams, “Does Social Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion,”
Science
302 (2003): 291.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Shelley E. Taylor, “Tend and Befriend: Biobehavioral Bases of Affiliation under Stress,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
15 (2006): 273.

8
. Ibid., p. 274.

9
. Baumeister and Leary, “The Need to Belong,” p. 499.

10
. Leslie C. Aiello and R. I. M. Dunbar, “Neocortex size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language,”
Current Anthropology
34 (April 1993): 185.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Ibid., p. 184.

13
. Susan T. Fiske, “Social Cognition and the Normality of Prejudgment.” In
On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years after Allport
, eds. John F. Dovidio, Peter Glick, and Laurie A. Rudman (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), pp. 37–40.

14
. Matthew D. Lieberman “Social Cognitive Neuroscience: A Review of Core Processes,”
Annual Review of Psychology
58 (2007): 272.

15
. Mary E. Wheeler and Susan T. Fiske, “Controlling Racial Prejudice: Social-Cognitive Goals Affect Amygdala and Stereotype Activation,”
Psychological Science
16 (2005): 56–60.

16
. Rebecca S. Bigler and Lynn S. Liben, “Developmental Intergroup Theory: Explaining and Reducing Children's Social Stereotyping and Prejudice,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
16 (2007): 162–63.

17
. Mark Mazower,
Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe
(New York: Penguin Press, 2008), pp. 182–83.

18
. Anthony G. Greenwald, T. Andrew Poehlman, Eric Luis Uhlmann, and Jahzarin R. Banaji, “Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-Analysis of Predictive Value,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
97 (2009): 17–41.

19
. Mazower,
Hitler's Empire
, p. 586.

20
. Saul Kassin, Steven Fein, Hazel Rose Markus,
Social Psychology
, 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company 2008), pp. 109–10.

21
. Douglas S. Krull et al. “The Fundamental Attribution Error: Correspondence Bias in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
25 (1999): 1208.

22
. Ibid., pp. 1211–12.

23
. Stephen Jay Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
, revised and expanded (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), p. 104.

24
. Ibid., p. 106.

25
. Ibid., p. 78.

26
. Alan R. Templeton, “Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective,”
American Anthropologist
100 (1999): 633.

27
. Ibid.

28
. Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
, p. 97.

29
. Ibid., p. 92.

30
. Ibid., pp. 135–36.

31
. Amy J. C. Cuddy et al., “Stereotype Content Model across Cultures: Towards Universal Similarities and Some Differences,”
British Journal of Social Psychology
48 (2009): 2–5.

32
. Ibid., p. 6.

33
. Ibid., p. 4.