The Mansion of Happiness (46 page)

36.
Nancy Tomes, “Epidemic Entertainments: Disease and Popular Culture in Early-Twentieth-Century America,”
American Literary History
14 (Winter 2002): 625–52.

37.
Nancy Tomes,
The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 183, 249, 251.

38.
Bert Hansen, “America’s First Medical Breakthrough: How Popular Excitement About a French Rabies Cure in 1885 Raised New Expectations for Medical Progress,”
American Historical Review
103 (1998): 373–418.

39.
Thurman B. Rice,
The Conquest of Disease
(New York: Macmillan, 1927).

40.
On de Kruif, see Charles E. Rosenberg,
No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976, 1997), chapter 7, “Martin Arrowsmith: The Scientist as Hero,” and also Steven Shapin,
The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008),
60–63.

41.
Paul de Kruif,
Microbe Hunters
(New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1926), 3.

42.
De Kruif, “Before You Drink a Glass of Milk,”
Ladies’ Home Journal
, September 1929, 8.

43.
Loren A. Schuler, “Talk Given by Mr. Loren A. Schuler, Editor of the Ladies’ Home Journal,” May 26, 1930, Staff Meeting Minutes, Box 8, J. Walter Thompson Company Archives, Special Collections Library, Duke University.

44.
“ ‘Parrot Disease’ Baffles Experts,”
Washington Post
, January 9, 1930. James A. Tobey, “This Month in Public Health,”
American City Magazine
, March 1930, 175. A sample of early newspaper coverage: “Baltimore Woman Dies,”
Chicago Tribune
, January 11, 1930; “Parrot Fever Kills 2
in This Country,”
New York Times
, January 11, 1930; “Three Ill with Rare Sickness,”
Los Angeles Times
, January 9, 1930; “Hunts for Source of ‘Parrot Fever,’ ”
New York Times
, January 12, 1930; “U.S. Opens War on Parrot Fever as 20 Stricken,”
San Francisco Examiner
, January 13, 1930; “Trace Parrots Bearing Fatal Disease to U.S.,”
Chicago Tribune
, January
12, 1930. For the public health analysis, see Charles Armstrong, “Psittacosis: Epidemiological Considerations with Reference to the 1929–30 Outbreak in the United States,”
Public Health Reports
45 (August 29, 1930): 2013–23; L. Elliocott et al., “The Psittacosis Outbreak in Maryland, December, 1929, and January, 1930,”
Public Health Reports
46 (April 10, 1931): 843–50; and “Psittacosis,”
American
Journal of Public Health
, July 1930: 756–77. On the outbreak as a whole, see also Jill Lepore, “It’s Spreading,”
New Yorker
, June 1, 2009.

45.
“Parrot Fever Germ Was Found in 1892,”
New York Times
, January 14, 1930.

46.
“General Cumming Tells of Psittacosis,”
Atlanta Constitution
, January 17, 1930. “Parrot Fever Cases Halted in the City,”
New York Times
, January 19, 1930. “ ‘Life’ in Sing Sing Offered to All Unwanted Parrots,”
New York Times
, January 20, 1930.

47.
[E. B. White], Talk of the Town,
New Yorker
, January 25, 1930.

48.
A rare exception: “Improvement Seen in Parrot Victims,”
Washington Post
, Janu-ary 10, 1930.

49.
Morrill Goddard, “Talk Given at Monday Evening Meeting,” March 17, 1930, Staff Meeting Minutes, Box 8, J. Walter Thompson Company Archives, Special Collections Library, Duke University. About beating everyone to the story, though, Goddard was either lying or misremembering.
American Weekly
did not run its story on parrot fever until January 12:
“Killed by a Pet Parrot,”
American Weekly
, January 12, 1930.

50.
The
New York
Times
notice calling the magazine “First Aid for Parents” was reprinted in the first issue:
Children: A Magazine for Parents
, November 1926, 50.

51.
Shirley W. Wynne, “How to Guard Against Colds and Flu,”
Parents’
, January 1930, 26, 43.

52.
Samuel J. Lewis, “Thumbsucking: Its Dangers and Treatment,”
Parents’
, June 1930, 23, 50–51; A.E.P. Searing, “Have Your Children the Daily Bath Habit?”
Parents’
, June 1930, 27, 71; Mary Fisher Torrance, “How Well Do We Protect Our Children?,”
Parents’
, June 1930, 20–21,
68–70.

53.
CSL, “Parents in Search of Education,” typescript of a talk given at Smith College in 1930, Box 2, CSL Papers. In this regard, and for a contrary note, see also Bertrand Russell, “Are Parents Bad for Children?,”
Parents’
, May 1930, 18–19, 69.

54.
Crossley, “Confessions of an Amateur Mother.”

55.
Schlossman, “Founding,” 66.

56.
Typescripts of Littledale’s short stories, along with files of rejection letters, can be found in her papers at the Schlesinger. See, e.g.,
New Yorker
to CSL, May 27, 1935, rejecting her story “Intimations of Love,” Box 3, CSL Papers.

57.
The transcript of this talk, dated February 24, 1932, is in Box 2, CSL Papers, in a folder titled “Radio talks, January–March 1932.” The radio talks run into Box 3 and appear to have run from 1932 to 1943.

58.
CSL, “Living with Our Children,” April 1937, Box 2, CSL Papers. Littledale’s radio addresses, including “Don’t Be a Martyr to Your Children,” “Fathers Are Parents, Too,” and “I Am a Failure as a Mother,” can be found in a series of folders in Boxes 2 and 3. She participated in a debate on spanking
in 1935; see the transcript titled “Debate: An Old Fashioned Spanking.” For Littledale’s rules, see “Six Ways to Succeed as a Parent,” October 23, 1936, Box 2. On parenting fashion, see CSL, “New Styles in Babies,” May 1937, Box 2.

59.
Sanger to Robert L. Dickinson, February 20, 1942, in
Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger
, 3:115.

60.
Betty MacDonald,
The Egg and I
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1945), 145, 96, 137, 143, 136–37.
The Egg and I
was published on October 3, 1945 (“Books Published Today,”
New York Times
, October 3, 1945). By December 1945, both it and
Stuart Little
had made it onto lists of the year’s ten best books. “Ten
Christmas Lists of ‘Ten Best,’ ”
New York Times
, December 2, 1945. “The phenomenal success of this little book is the publishing surprise” of the season,
Life
wrote of
The Egg and I
on March 18, 1946. See also Jane F. Levey, “Imagining the Family in Postwar Popular Culture,”
Journal of Women’s History
13 (2001): 125–50.

61.
CSL, “Account of Plane Accident as Dictated by Clara Savage Littledale in Crawford W. Long Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, March 4, 1941,” Box 1, CSL Papers.

62.
CSL, to Marion Sabin, September 23, 1944, Box 3, CSL Papers.

63.
“What is your community doing about courses for expectant parents—both mothers and fathers?” CSL, “What Can We Do About Marriage?,” January 1947, Box 2, CSL Papers.

64.
A pamphlet published in 1943 promised that
“more healthy children will be born
to maintain the kind of peace for which we fight.” Quoted in Gordon,
Moral Property
, 247; emphasis in original.

65.
Cooperation with Religious Leaders, PPFA Records, Smith, PPFA I, Series 1, Box 17, Folder 3.

66.
Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger
, 3:469.

67.
Margaret Sanger to D. Kenneth Rose, August 20, 1956, in
Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger
, 3:402.

68.
Kennedy,
Birth Control in America
, 272.

69.
James W. Reed, interview with Mary Steichen Calderone, M.D., August 7, 1974, transcript, Schlesinger-Rockefeller Oral History Project, Schlesinger Library, Reel A-1, p. 15.

70.
Janice M. Irvine,
Talk About Sex: The Battles over Sex Education in the United States
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 31.

71.
Alan F. Guttmacher, “Memoirs,” typescript, November 1972, PPFA Records, Smith, PPFA II, Administration, Guttmacher, A. F., Autobiography, Rough Draft, Box 117, Folder 39. Davis,
Sacred Work
, chapter 4.

72.
Division of Negro Service, PPFA Records, Smith, PPFA I, Series 1, Box 9, Folder 4. See also Negro Campaign, PPFA I, Series 1, Box 34, Folder 1.

73.
Wylda B. Cowles to Alan F. Guttmacher, Memorandum, May 29, 1962, in PPFA Records, Smith, PPFA II, Box 123, Folder 26, “Negro Problem Correspondence.”

74.
Martin Luther King Jr.,
Family Planning
—
A Special and Urgent Concern
(New York: Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 1966), in PPFA Records, Smith, PPFA I, Negro Campaign, Box 34, Folder 1.

75.
See Konrad Reisner to Roy Wilkins, December 20, 1967, and Roy Wilkins to Konrad Reisner, December 28, 1967, in PPFA Records, Smith, PPFA II, Box 123, Folder 26, “Negro Problem Correspondence.”

76.
Gordon,
Moral Property
, 290. See also “Planned Parenthood Blasted by NAACP,”
Dayton Daily News
, December 13, 1967, in PPFA Records, Smith, PPFA II, Box 123, Folder 26, “Negro Problem Correspondence.”

77.
Kennedy,
Birth Control in America
, viii.

78.
Quoted in Gloria Feldt with Carol Trickett Jennings,
Behind Every Choice Is a Story
(Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2002), 94.

79.
Gordon,
Moral Property
, 289. See also Deborah R. McFarlane and Kenneth J. Meier,
The Politics of Fertility Control: Family Planning and Abortion Policies in the American States
(New York: Chatham House, 2001).

80.
Gordon,
Moral Property
, 289.

81.
George J. Hecht, “Smaller Families: A National Imperative,”
Parents Magazine
, July
1970. And George Hecht to Alan Guttmacher, August 18, 1970, Box 1, Folder 1, Alan Guttmacher Papers, Countway Library, Harvard University.

82.
“A Quality Audience,”
Parents
(New York: Meredith Corporation, 2008);
http://www.meredith.com/mediakit/parents/print/audience
.html
.

83.
CSL, “Your Dad’s a Great Guy!” August 1951, Box 2, CSL Papers.

84.
Linda Greenhouse and Reva Siegel, “Before (and After) Roe v. Wade,”
Yale Law Journal
120 (June 2011): 2047, 2049, 2043.

85.
Kevin P. Phillips,
The Emerging Republican Majority
(New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969). Memorandum from Patrick J. Buchanan to the President, March 24, 1971, in Hearings Before the S. Select Comm. on Presidential Campaign Activities, 93d Cong. 4146, 4146–53 (1973); Memorandum from “Research” to Attorney General H. R. Haldeman, October
5, 1971, in Hearings Before the S. Select Comm. on Presidential Campaign Activities, 93d Cong. 4197, 4201 (1973); and Jack Rosenthal, “Survey Finds Majority, in Shift, Now Favors Liberalized Laws,”
New York Times
, August 25, 1972, are quoted and discussed in Greenhouse and Siegel, “Before (and After) Roe v. Wade,” 2053, 2056, 2031.

86.
Alan F. Guttmacher, “Why I Favor Liberalized Abortion,”
Reader’s Digest
, November 1973, 143–47.

87.
James W. Reed, interviews with Loraine Lesson Campbell, December 1973–March 1974, Schlesinger-Rockefeller Oral History Project, Reel A-1, 90.

88.
Greenhouse and Siegel, “Before (and After) Roe v. Wade,” 2061, 2066–67. Robert Post and Reva Siegel, “
Roe
Rage: Democratic Constitutionalism and Backlash,”
Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review
42 (2007): 420–
2
1.

89.
Greg D. Adams, “Abortion: Evidence of an Issue Evolution,”
American Journal of Political Science
41 (1997): 718, 723. Gordon,
Moral Property
, 309.

90.
Goldscheider et al., “A Century (Plus) of Parenthood.”

91.
Joyce A. Martin et al., “Births: Final Data for 2002,”
National Vital Statistics Reports
, vol. 52, no. 10, December 17, 2003;
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr52/nvsr52_10.pdf
. For data on the start of this phenomenon earlier in the century, see Jane Riblett
Wilkie, “The Trend Toward Delayed Parenthood,”
Journal of Marriage and the Family
43 (1981): 583–91, especially table 2. Wilkie posits the rise of “couples with an idea of adulthood that does not include parenting.”

92.
Guttmacher Institute, “Facts on Contraceptive Use in the United States,” June 2010;
http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.html
.

93.
Jill Lepore, “Birthright,”
New Yorker
, November 14, 2011.

94.
E.g., Cecile Richards, “We’re Not Going Anywhere,”
Huffington Post
, April 8, 2011. And see Americans United for Life, “The Case for Investigating Planned Parenthood,” July 7, 2011.

1.
On the visit, see Saul Rosenzweig,
The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung and Hall the King-Maker
, rev. ed. (1992; St. Louis: Rana House, 1994); on James’s
arrival, see 80–81. Citations come from the 1994 edition. Rosenzweig calls the visit “a watershed for the spread of psychoanalysis in the continents of North America and Europe” (3).

2.
G. Stanley Hall (Hereafter GSH), review of
The Principles of Psychology
, by
William James,
American Journal of Psychology
3 (1891): 578–91. On GSH’s review, see also Rosenzweig,
Historic Expedition
, 95–96, and Dominic W. Massaro, “A Century Later: Reflections on ‘The Principles of Psychology’ by William James and on the Review by G. Stanley Hall,”
American Journal of Psychology
103 (1990): 539–45. Many people have commented on what went wrong between James and Hall, who were once close. There was, among other things, a dispute over which man could best claim having established the first psychology laboratory, a dispute that hinged on each man’s definition of the field. Revealing is this recollection, from a contemporary: “I spent some time in 1920 with the eminent lawyer, Emery Buckner of Root’s firm. He had worked his way through Harvard as James’s private secretary and he remarked on the ill-feeling between James and Hall, and implied that Hall had been rather unfair and ungrateful. I knew nothing of the details but was edified by the remark that it was probably due to the fact that James had done so much (too much) to help Hall.” Harry Elmer Barnes to Dorothy Ross, April 3, 1962, Box B1-4-5, “Interviews with Contemporaries of G. Stanley Hall,” GSH Papers, Clark University.
Lorine Pruette, who was Hall’s graduate student, has this to offer about Hall’s temperament: “He often said unkind things and could make cutting remarks, but he seemed to reserve his sarcasm and reproof for intellectual slackers. It was the man who did not try or the man who was insincere in his thinking for whom Hall brought out his weapons. For the merely stupid he had a marvelous patience, even gentleness. . . . He made a curious distinction between stupidity and insincerity.” Lorine Pruette,
G. Stanley Hall: A Biography of a Mind
(New York: D. Appleton, 1926), 45. Finally, this is not related to Hall’s viciousness, but it’s a wonderfully shrewd and well-stated assessment of what really crippled the man: “Hall’s persistent effort to give intellectual form to the full range of his emotional experience was the chief source of both the insight and confusion he would display in his intellectual career.” Dorothy Ross,
G. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), 29.

3.
GSH, introduction to
Studies in Spiritism
, by Amy E. Tanner (New York: D. Appleton, 1910), xviii, xxxii. GSH, “Spooks and Telepathy,”
Appleton’s Magazine
12 (December 1908): 679.

4.
Jung’s recollections: C. G. Jung to Virginia Payne, July 23, 1949, in
Letters
, selected and edited by Gerhard Adler (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), 1:530–32.

5.
Harry Elmer Barnes to Dorothy Ross, April 3, 1962, and April 12, 1962, Box B1-4-5, “Interviews with Contemporaries of G. Stanley Hall,” GSH Papers. Ross also cites this as a story Hall commonly told (
GSH
, 393).

6.
“Hall was justly esteemed as a psychologist and educationalist, and had introduced psychoanalysis into his courses some years before,” Freud wrote. “There was a touch of the ‘king-maker’ about him, a pleasure in setting up authorities and deposing them.” Sigmund Freud,
An Autobiographical Study
, trans. James Strachey (1925; repr., New York: Norton, 1963), 57. Citations come from the 1963 Norton edition.

7.
Hall regularly gave lectures on the psychology of
food (Pruette,
GSH
, 132). Carl Van Doren once mused that writing about GSH got to the heart of the problem of biography: “We all know well enough that in morals there are few blacks and whites, few angels and devils, few heroes and villains. The great difficulty is to instruct the uninformed without dividing the moral universe in this convenient and dramatic way and yet without troubling them in their search for the rules of worthy conduct. At this point the realistic study of biography comes most valuably to the rescue. . . . Perhaps we Americans, with our republican partiality for simple characters, are specially in need of the study of more complex types, such as President Hall belonged to. As a nation we are very unfamiliar with them; our history lacks them, our literature lacks them, or has lacked them until lately” (Carl Van Doren, introduction to Pruette,
GSH
, ix–x).

8.
Hall also wrote about what he called “the man-soul.” (He wrote, as well, about “the folk-soul.”) An excerpt: “Man is not a permanent type but an organism in a very active stage of evolution toward a more permanent form. Our consciousness is but a single stage and one type of mind: a late, partial, and perhaps essentially abnormal and remedial outcrop of the great underlying life of man-soul.” GSH,
Adolescence
(New York: D. Appleton, 1904), 1:vii. For more on the subject, see
Adolescence
, 2:62–63. Hall’s work and its relation to
social Darwinism is discussed in Donald Pickens,
Eugenics and the Progressives
(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 132–38.

9.
Margaret Mead,
Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization
(New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1928; New York: Perennial Classics, 2001); quote from 137. Citation comes from the Perennial edition. See also John Demos, “The Rise and Fall of Adolescence,” in
Past, Present and Personal: The Family and the Life Course in American History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 92–113.

10.
Writing about conversion, Hall remarked, “It is thus no accidental synchronism of unrelated events that the age of religion and that of sexual maturity coincide, any more than that senescence has its own type of religiosity” (
Adolescence
, 2:292).

11.
So did the journalist Susan Jacoby, in
Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age
(New York: Pantheon, 2011). John Gray,
The Immortalization Commission: Science and the Strange Question to Cheat Death
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 207. The best discussion of Hall’s study of old age is Thomas R. Cole, “The Prophecy of Senescence: G. Stanley Hall and the Reconstruction of Old Age in America,”
Gerontologist
24 (August 1984): 360–66; see also Thomas R. Cole,
The Journey of Life: A Cultural History of Aging in America
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), chapter 10.

12.
The recommendation to review your life is from
Senescence
, but the warning about stodginess is from GSH, “The Dangerous Age,”
Pedagogical Seminary
28 (September 1921): 293.

13.
GSH,
Life and Confessions of a Psychologist
(1923; repr., New York: D. Appleton, 1927), 357–58. Citations come from the 1927 edition. Ross,
GSH
, 3–5. Louis Wilson,
G. Stanley Hall: A Sketch
(New York: Stechert, 1914), 16–18.

14.
GSH, “Note on Early Memories,”
Pedagogical Seminary
6 (December 1899): 507; and
see Ross,
GSH
, 12. Hall later wrote, “It was a resolve, vow, prayer, idealization, life plan, all in a jumble, but it was an experience that has always stood out so prominently in my memory that I found this revisitation solemn and almost sacramental. Something certainly took place in my soul then” (Pruette,
GSH
, 25).

15.
Ross,
GSH
, 16–21.

16.
Ibid., 30.

17.
Pruette,
GSH
, 64, 34.

18.
GSH to Abigail Beals Hall, February 10, 1869, from New York, Box B1-1-2, GSH Papers.

19.
Wilson,
GSH
, 37.

20.
GSH to Granville Bascom Hall and Abigail Beals Hall, from Bonn, July 9, 1869, Box B1-1-2, GSH Papers. “I am growing deep only if growing at all, but then as applied to men and especially ministers solid is better than surface measure. I am and have been homesick, lonesome, dumpish.”

21.
GSH to Granville Bascom Hall and Abigail Beals Hall, from Berlin, December 16, 1869, Box B1-1-2, GSH Papers. “I will enclose what a fortune teller says is the spirit photograph of my future wife. Have you ever seen her and how will she do and how does she compare with Robert’s?”

22.
Granville Bascom Hall to GSH, January 17, 1870, Box B1-1-2, GSH Papers. Hall’s father adds, “P.S. Are you having any practice in preaching or religions teaching, or any part in public exercises? Are you in any way doing good as well as getting good? People often inquire for you.”

23.
GSH,
Life and Confessions
, 578. Pruette writes, “He wanted to ‘get the feel’ of everything the universe afforded. He liked prize fights and religious revivals, visited poor houses and prisons and asylums for the insane, spent two weeks in a home for the insane, explored the dens of iniquity in most of the large cities of the Occidental world, visited morgues, attended meetings of revolutionists, studied the social evil and became a president of the Watch and Ward Society, and declared: ‘I believe that such zests and their indulgence are a necessary part of the preparation of a psychologist or moralist who seeks to understand human nature as it is’ ” (
GSH
, 63).

24.
For more on GSH’s human-nature tourism, see Pruette,
GSH
, 63; Ross,
GSH
, 33; GSH,
Life and Confessions
, 578–80.

25.
GSH to his sister, from Berlin, January 29, 1870; Abigail Beals Hall to GSH, January 18, 1870, Box B1-1-2, GSH Papers.

26.
Pruette,
GSH
, 3. For this reason, Pruette dubbed him “the Playboy of Western Scholarship.”

27.
Granville Bascom Hall, quoted in Ross,
GSH
, 5.

28.
Proverbs 16:31. Cotton Mather,
Addresses to Old Men and Young Men and Little Children
, in
Three Discourses. I. The Old Man’s Honour
(Boston: R. Pierce, 1690), dedication. See also Cotton Mather,
A Good Old Age
(Boston: S. Kneeland and T. Green, 1726), 1. And Demos, “Old Age in Early New England,” in
Past, Present and Personal
, 139–85.

29.
Quoted in W. Andrew Achenbaum,
Old Age in the New Land: The American Experience Since 1790
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 14, 12.

30.
Louis I. Dublin, Alfred J. Lotka, and Mortimer Spiegelman,
Length of Life: A Study of the Life Table
, rev. ed. (1936; New York: Ronald Press, 1949); see especially chapters 2 and 3.

31.
Sylvester Graham,
Lectures on the Science of Human Life
(1839). The
Graham Journal of Health and Longevity
ran from 1837 to 1839.

32.
Achenbaum,
Old Age in the New Land
, 12–15.

33.
Ibid., 47.

34.
Pat Thane, for example, points out that old age is not lonelier today than it used to be, because it used to be that if you were old, you had outlived your children. Pat Thane, ed.,
The Long History of Old Age
(London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), 9–10.

35.
David Hackett Fischer,
Growing Old in America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 3–4. Jacoby,
Never Say Die
, 28, 4.

36.
GSH to his parents, April 9, 1877, GSH Papers, Box B1-1-2.

37.
Ross argues, “Anxious to remove any sharp divisions in existence, Hall henceforth tried to find Divinity within nature itself. The reconciliation of religious aspiration with the mechanical world-view propounded by science that Tennyson achieved in poetry, Hall hoped to achieve through philosophy” (
GSH
, 45).

38.
Ross,
GSH
, 50–51.

39.
Ibid., 61–79. Before leaving Antioch, Hall wrote a short story, which was published: “A Leap Year Romance,”
Appletons’ Journal
5 (September 1878): 211–22.

40.
GSH,
Jesus the Christ, in the Light of Psychology
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1917), 1:xix: “Senescent insights and adolescent sentiments meet and reinforce each other.” And: “As to miracles . . . 
genetic psychology can have no quarrel with those who cling to them as literally veridical, for this is a necessary stage. They are the baby talk of religious faith, not a disease but an infantile stadium of true belief” (xiii). On the crisis of the Church of Christ and the next necessary step of “re-evolution,” see xvi. He wrote this book for his graduate students—it came out of lectures he had been giving since 1897—and saw it as part of his work on
adolescence: “My study of adolescence laid some of the foundations of this work, because Jesus’ spirit was in a sense the consummation of that adolescence” (xviii).

41.
Gray,
Immortalization Commission
, 19.

42.
Ibid., 192.

43.
Hyland C. Kirk,
The Possibility of Not Dying: A Speculation
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1883), 4.

44.
He founded the
American Journal of Psychology
with money from the
American Society for Psychical Research; in its first year, he published an attack on spiritualism and lost his funding. Although he initially served as a vice president of the American society, he resigned soon after, in either 1886 or 1887. Ross,
GSH
, 164, 170. On the funding of the journal, see also Rosenzweig,
Historic Expedition
, 92–93.

45.
William James to GSH, November 5, 1887,
The Correspondence of William James
, edited by Ignas K. Skrupskelis and Elizabeth M. Berkeley (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992–2004), 6:282–84.