The Modern Middle East (100 page)

Ben Bella, Ahmed,
100
,
114

Ben-Gurion, David,
73
,
78
fig,
135
;
haskala,
417n14
; offices,
246
;
Israel: Personal History,
77
; speaking of Palestinians/Arabs,
418n30

Benjadid, Chadli,
219

Berbers, Maghreb,
2
,
48
,
101

beylik,
7
,
99
,
104
,
105

Bible, Eretz Israel promised in,
74
,
301

Bill, James,
276

bin Laden, Osama,
196
,
199–200
; “Afghan Arab,”
200
; Al-Jazeera,
189
fig;
vs. U.S. patronage,
260
.
See also
Al-Qaeda/bin Laden

birth control,
389–93
,
464n10

birth rates,
389
,
392
table,
394–96
,
425n3

Blix, Hans,
204

bombings: Cairo suburbs by Israelis,
128
; car,
208
fig,
315
,
324
,
454n74
; Iran-Iraq War (1980–88),
173
,
179
,
180
; Irgun,
80
; Oklahoma City (1995),
195
; Port Said by British,
96
; Second Gulf War,
185–86
,
187
; September 11, 2001,
172
,
190
,
194–96
,
200–204
,
261
; U.S. targets abroad,
195
,
200
; Yemen presidential palace,
296
.
See also
suicide bombings

border conflicts: colonial boundary-drawing,
36
,
39–40
,
43
,
44
,
50
; Morocco-Algeria,
116
; Syria-Israel,
117
; Turkey-Syria,
111
,
112
; and water sources,
402
.
See also
Iran-Iraq War; Palestinian-Israeli conflict

Bouazizi, Mohammed,
267
,
292

Boumedienne, Houari,
100
,
219

Bourguiba, Habib,
39
,
100
,
105–6
,
114
,
116–17
,
215
,
219

Bourguibaism, secular,
254

Bouteflika, Abdelaziz,
220
,
222
,
270
,
271
,
282

Brazil, democratization,
281

Britain: and Arabian peninsula,
3
,
38–40
,
63
,
65–66
,
114
,
232
,
238
; Arab Revolt vs. (1936–39),
80
,
85
,
88–89
,
302
; Balfour Declaration (1917),
37
,
39
,
41
,
42–43
,
44
; Churchill,
41
,
46
,
412–13n24
; colonialism,
2–3
,
8
,
13
,
28
,
32
,
36–51
,
45
map,
56
,
65–66
,
218
,
387
; diplomatic objectives in Middle East,
36–37
,
39
,
44
; diplomatic retreat from Middle East,
110
; and Egypt,
3
,
38
,
39
,
46–47
,
50
,
51
,
65–66
,
91–96
,
218
,
348
,
412n7
; Hussein-McMahon Correspondence/Damascus Protocol,
37
,
39
,
40
; and India,
36
,
39
,
48
,
413n28
; and Iran,
31
,
32
,
36
,
57
,
61
,
142–45
,
348
; and Iraq,
3
,
39–45
,
50
,
56
,
63
,
65–66
,
188
,
204–5
,
207
fig;
Ottomans and,
24
,
28
,
37
,
62
,
63
; and Palestine,
37
,
38
,
44–46
,
50
,
65–66
,
79–80
,
87–89
; Second Gulf War,
185
; and Suez Canal,
36–38
,
39
,
46–47
,
110
,
413n28
; Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916),
38–41
,
41
map,
43
,
44
,
412n19
; and Transjordan,
37
,
39–45
,
50
,
65
,
413n27
; World War II supply route,
381

Brumberg, Daniel,
277

BʾTselem,
321
,
452n54

Bulliet, Richard,
14

bureaucracies, state,
59
,
217–19
,
224
,
232
,
234
,
362
,
365
,
371
,
385

Bush, George H.,
184
,
191
,
197
,
201–2

Bush, George W.,
190
,
195
,
200–205
,
336–37
,
342
,
433n61

Bush Doctrine,
200–201
,
433n72

business: associations,
253
,
284
; family-run,
365–66
; military ventures,
221
,
270
; state leaders,
269–70
,
271
,
277–78
.
See also
capitalism; economic development; economic sectors; entrepreneurs; trade

Buyid family,
20

Byzantine Empire,
10
,
17–18
,
21
,
22
,
407n2

Byzantium,
10

Cairo: air pollution,
397
; Cairo University,
91
,
174
,
257–58
; City of the Dead,
365
; demonstrations (1979),
134
; Fatimid,
20–21
; Israeli bombing of suburbs,
128
; population growth problems,
396
; power shifts,
12
,
387
; Tahrir Square protests (2011),
5
,
292
,
293
fig;
UAR capital,
112

calendar, Islamic,
15

caliphates,
18–19
,
29
,
33–35
,
62
; Abbasid,
19–23
; high,
19–23
; Islamic fundamentalists and,
260
; nationalist attachment to,
85
; Turkey,
20
,
22
,
28
,
52
,
56
; Umayyad,
19–22

Camp David Accord (1978), Israel-Egypt,
125
,
134
,
197
,
325–27
,
333
,
345
,
455n83

Camp David II (2000),
331–34
,
336–37
,
344

canals,
12
,
19
,
33
.
See also
Suez Canal

capitalism: global,
374–86
; print,
69
,
87
; security state,
271
; semiformal and informal sectors,
363–64
,
370
; state,
349–50
.
See also
corporations; foreign capital

Caradon, Lord,
125

cars.
See
motor vehicles

Carter, Jimmy,
134
,
150
,
157–60
,
197
,
326

Casey, William,
160

casualties: French-Algerian conflict,
103
; Iran-Iraq War,
171
,
179
,
181
; Israeli from
intifada,
323
; Kurds massacred,
188
; Operation Iron Cast,
339
; Operation Pillars of Defense,
341
; Palestinian suicide bombings,
454n74
; Second Gulf War,
185
,
186
; Six-Day War,
121
,
422n35
; Syrian civil war,
296
,
447n124
; U.S. invasion of Iraq,
206
,
435n85

censorship, of political opposition,
59
,
273
,
286

central authority,
33
; caliphates,
12
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
22
,
62
; Iran and,
56
,
57
,
142
; Iraq after U.S. invasion,
206
; Lebanon,
249–50
; Maghreb and,
47
,
48
; Meccan lack of,
14
; Ottoman lack of,
13
,
47
,
48
,
62
; Safavid lack of,
30
; sultanistic states,
229–32
; urban,
11–12
,
13
.
See also
dictatorships; leaders; legitimacy, state; monarchies; political elites; states

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): and Afghan-Soviet conflict,
199
,
200
; and Iran,
110
,
145–46
,
157–58
,
160
,
426n11
; PNA cooperation with,
331
; Syrian government overthrow,
111

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO),
111

charismatic leadership,
93–97
,
101
,
114
,
215
,
224–27
,
254

chemical weapons: Iraq,
180–81
,
185
,
188–89
,
203
,
204
.
See also
weapons of mass destruction

Cheney, Dick,
204

children: gender and fertility rates,
389
,
395–96
; infant mortality rates,
388–89
; Palestinian wartime,
312
,
335
,
341
fig,
450n42
,
452n54
; population,
393
; punishment from security forces,
462n69
; street,
365
,
462n69
; ties between,
366
.
See also
youth

Chile, democratization,
281

China: Islamic expansion into,
18
; revolution,
139
,
140

Christians,
10
,
19
,
34
; Byzantine,
10
,
17–18
,
21
,
22
,
407n2
; Copts,
10
,
134
; Crusaders,
21
,
34
; French diplomatic objectives with,
37
,
38
,
44
; Greek Catholic,
247
; Israel population of,
303
; Italian Catholic,
50
; Jacobite,
10
; Jesuits,
38
; Maronite,
38
,
44
,
247–49
; Nestorian,
10
; Turkish nationalism and,
27
.
See also
Arab Christians

Churchill, Winston,
41
,
46
,
412–13n24

CIA.
See
Central Intelligence Agency

cities.
See
urban areas

civilizations: cradles of,
12
,
33
; Khatami’s dialogue of,
165
; shah’s Great Civilization,
146

civil service/public employment: corporatism and,
277
; recession and,
261
; rentierism and,
385
; statism and,
351–52
; sultanistic states,
218
,
231
,
232
,
234
; Turkey,
54

civil society: and democratization,
241
,
243
,
281–85
; embryonic death,
284–85
; Iran,
165
; Iraq,
189
; repressive authoritarianism side by side with,
271
; Turkey,
243

civil society organizations,
265–66
,
281
,
284
,
296
,
308

civil wars,
221–22
; Algeria (1990s),
191
,
220–22
,
282
,
368
,
382
; Iraq,
206
; Islamic (656–61 and 680–92),
18
; Jordan (1970),
230
; Lebanon (1975–91),
13
,
138
,
240
,
248–49
,
288
,
327
; Libya,
294
,
295
; Palestinian PNA vs. Hamas,
308–9
,
339
; Sudan,
191
,
220–22
; Syria (2011–13),
5
,
217
,
294
,
296
,
297
fig,
447n124
; U.S. (1860–63),
240
; Yemen,
109
,
114–16
,
294